在橋梁工程施工中，博望橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實博望橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保博望橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是博望橡膠支座應(ying)用成功與否的(de)關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上(shang)分(fen)為普通板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)和(he)(he)四(si)氟板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)。板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)從形(xing)狀(zhuang)上(shang)分(fen)為矩形(xing)和(he)(he)圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)于(yu)跨徑小(xiao)于(yu)30m、位移量較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平面形(xing)狀適用(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)矩形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座;曲線(xian)橋(qiao)、斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)及(ji)圓柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)圓形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座;斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦(yi)可用(yong)斜角(jiao)(平行四(si)(si)邊形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(它的(de)(de)(de)銳(rui)角(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)斜交(jiao)角(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座正在被圓形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座所代替(ti)。四(si)(si)氟板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座多適用(yong)于(yu)大跨徑、多跨連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)(ban)等結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)大位移量的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。它還可用(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)頂推及(ji)T梁(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)、圓形(xing)四(si)(si)氟板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)分別(bie)與普通(tong)板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座相同(tong)。

　　二(er)、支承墊石(shi)的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)座的(de)施工(gong)質量，以(yi)及安(an)裝、調整、觀察及更(geng)換支(zhi)座的(de)方(fang)便;不(bu)(bu)管是采用現澆梁還是預制梁法施工(gong)，不(bu)(bu)管是安(an)裝何種類型的(de)板式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)座，在墩臺(tai)頂(ding)設置支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)都是必要的(de)。

　　在施工支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)注意幾點事項：⑴、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面尺寸(cun)大(da)小應(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜(yi)，一(yi)般長度(du)與寬(kuan)度(du)應(ying)比橡膠支座大(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)應(ying)大(da)于6cm，以(yi)保(bao)證梁底到墩臺頂面有足夠的(de)(de)(de)空間高度(du)，用來(lai)安放千斤(jin)頂，供(gong)支座調換使用。⑵、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)布(bu)設鋼筋網片，豎向(xiang)鋼筋應(ying)與墩臺內鋼筋相連(lian)接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)砼(tong)標號(hao)應(ying)不低(di)于C30號(hao)或不低(di)于設計標號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂面應(ying)預(yu)先用水(shui)平(ping)(ping)尺校準(zhun)(zhun)，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面標高力(li)求準(zhun)(zhun)確一(yi)致。尤(you)其是一(yi)片梁的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支座的(de)(de)(de)支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面應(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面內，以(yi)免發生(sheng)偏壓，初始(shi)剪切(qie)與不均勻受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)安(an)裝橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)較方便(bian)(bian)。施(shi)工(gong)順序如下：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石頂面(mian)去除(chu)(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)應清(qing)潔、平(ping)整(zheng)無油污。若墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石的(de)標高差距(ju)過(guo)大(da)，可(ke)(ke)用水(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)調(diao)整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石上按設計圖標出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置中(zhong)心(xin)線，同(tong)時在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上也標上十字交叉中(zhong)心(xin)線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)墊(dian)石上，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)線同(tong)墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)上設計位置中(zhong)心(xin)相重(zhong)(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)就位準確。⑶、同(tong)一片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)應處于同(tong)一平(ping)面(mian)上，為(wei) 方便(bian)(bian)找平(ping)，可(ke)(ke)于澆(jiao)(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石間(jian)鋪涂一層水(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)力下自(zi)動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體前，在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上需加設一塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)稍大(da)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)上焊(han)錨(mao)固鋼(gang)筋(jin)與(yu)梁(liang)體相連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)的(de)一部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注。為(wei)防止(zhi)漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)之間(jian)四周空(kong)隙處，用紗回絲，油灰或軟(ruan)木板(ban)填(tian)設。以后在(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)(chu)模板(ban)時，再將(jiang)填(tian)充物除(chu)(chu)去，按以上施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上下面(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)石頂面(mian)全部(bu)密貼(tie)。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可(ke)能(neng)地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面的(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同(tong)(tong)(tong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)面全(quan)部(bu)(bu)密貼，避免偏壓、脫空(kong)、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)發生。施工順序(xu)如下(xia)：⑴、先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)接觸的(de)底(di)(di)(di)(di)平(ping)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保證水平(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)整。若有(you)蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用水泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)搗實、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)正確就位。先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)按(an)設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位置(zhi)就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相重合(he);板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相平(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)(di)劃好(hao)兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)十字位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)標出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)的(de)沿(yan)直線(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩臺上(shang)的(de)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相吻合(he)。以后數跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受壓或(huo)(huo)產(chan)生初(chu)始剪切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則(ze)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)(di)之間加(jia)設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)板(ban)作過渡(du)，以免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)(di)用環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)(jiang)粘結。