在橋梁工程施工中，平遠橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實平遠橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保平遠橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是平遠橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功(gong)與否的關(guan)鍵(jian)所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分為普(pu)通板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)和四氟板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)。板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)從形(xing)狀上分為矩形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)(duo)適用(yong)于(yu)跨(kua)徑小于(yu)30m、位移(yi)量(liang)(liang)較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不(bu)同的(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)狀適用(yong)于(yu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結構：正交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)矩形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲(qu)線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)(ji)圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦可用(yong)斜(xie)角(平(ping)行四(si)邊形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它(ta)的(de)(de)銳角與梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)交角相同)，但這(zhe)種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟(fu)板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多(duo)(duo)適用(yong)于(yu)大跨(kua)徑、多(duo)(duo)跨(kua)連續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連續(xu)板等結構的(de)(de)大位移(yi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它(ta)還可用(yong)作連續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及(ji)(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)四(si)氟(fu)板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)分別與普通板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同。

　　二、支承墊石的設(she)置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠支座的(de)施工(gong)質(zhi)量，以及安裝(zhuang)、調整、觀察(cha)及更換支座的(de)方便;不(bu)管(guan)是采用現澆(jiao)梁還是預制梁法施工(gong)，不(bu)管(guan)是安裝(zhuang)何種類型的(de)板式橡(xiang)膠支座，在墩(dun)臺頂設置支承(cheng)墊石都是必要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注意(yi)幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)的平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承受上(shang)部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)(yi)般長(chang)度與(yu)寬度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊(dian)石(shi)高度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大于6cm，以保(bao)證梁(liang)底到墩臺(tai)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有足(zu)夠的空(kong)間(jian)高度，用來安放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)座調換使(shi)用。⑵、支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布(bu)設鋼筋網(wang)片，豎向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺(tai)內鋼筋相(xiang)連接。澆注墊(dian)石(shi)的砼(tong)標號(hao)(hao)(hao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)低于C30號(hao)(hao)(hao)或不(bu)低于設計標號(hao)(hao)(hao)，墊(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用水平(ping)尺校準(zhun)，力(li)(li)求平(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)標高力(li)(li)求準(zhun)確一(yi)(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的兩個(ge)或四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)座的支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處于同一(yi)(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)內，以免(mian)發生(sheng)偏(pian)壓，初始剪切(qie)與(yu)不(bu)均勻受力(li)(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)安裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施工順(shun)序(xu)如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)去除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應清(qing)潔、平(ping)整(zheng)無油(you)(you)污。若墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)標高差(cha)距(ju)過大，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)，同(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)。將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心相(xiang)重(zhong)(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩(liang)個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為 方便找平(ping)，可(ke)于澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)前(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)石(shi)間鋪(pu)涂(tu)一(yi)層水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)自動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)筋與梁(liang)體相(xiang)連(lian)接(jie)。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作(zuo)現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分進行(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏(lou)漿(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)之間四(si)周空隙處，用(yong)(yong)紗回絲，油(you)(you)灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)填(tian)設。以后在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)時，再將填(tian)充物除去，按以上(shang)(shang)施工可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安(an)(an)裝好(hao)(hao)預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可能地保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與(yu)墊石(shi)頂面的(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下面全部密貼，避免偏壓、脫空(kong)、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)發(fa)生。施(shi)工順(shun)序如下：⑴、先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)面應(ying)(ying)保證(zheng)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若有(you)蜂窩或(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)預先用水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正確就位(wei)。先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊石(shi)上按(an)設計中心(xin)(xin)位(wei)置就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架(jia) 跨(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好(hao)(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上標出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)墩臺上的(de)位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)吻合。以后數跨(kua)可依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受(shou)壓或(huo)產(chan)生初始(shi)剪(jian)切變形。⑸、在(zai)安(an)(an)放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間加(jia)設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼筋混凝土墊塊或(huo)厚鋼板(ban)作過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超(chao)載(zai)、應(ying)(ying)力集中。該鋼筋混凝土墊塊或(huo)鋼板(ban)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)砂漿(jiang)(jiang)粘(zhan)結(jie)。