在橋梁工程施工中，萬載橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實萬載橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保萬載橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是萬載橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功與否(fou)的(de)關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分(fen)為普(pu)通板式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)和四氟板式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)。板式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)從形狀上分(fen)為矩(ju)形和圓(yuan)形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)于跨徑(jing)小于30m、位移量較小的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)形狀適用(yong)于不同(tong)的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正(zheng)交橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)矩形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩(dun)橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)斜角(jiao)(平(ping)行(xing)四(si)(si)邊形)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它(ta)(ta)的(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)斜交角(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所(suo)代替。四(si)(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多(duo)適用(yong)于大跨徑(jing)、多(duo)跨連續(xu)(xu)、簡(jian)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連續(xu)(xu)板(ban)等結構的(de)大位移量的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它(ta)(ta)還可(ke)用(yong)作(zuo)連續(xu)(xu)梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫(heng)移的(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形、圓(yuan)形四(si)(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)分別(bie)與普通(tong)板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石的設置：

　　為(wei)了保證橡(xiang)膠支座的施(shi)工質量，以及(ji)安(an)(an)裝、調整、觀察及(ji)更換支座的方便;不管(guan)是采用現(xian)澆梁還是預制(zhi)梁法施(shi)工，不管(guan)是安(an)(an)裝何(he)種類型(xing)的板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支座，在(zai)墩臺頂設(she)置支承墊石都是必(bi)要(yao)的。

　　在施工(gong)支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注意(yi)幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石的平面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸大(da)小應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷載為(wei)宜，一般長度(du)(du)與寬度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支座大(da)10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)石高度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大(da)于6cm，以(yi)(yi)保證梁底(di)到墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠(gou)的空間高度(du)(du)，用來安放千斤(jin)頂(ding)(ding)，供支座調換使用。⑵、支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石內(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網片，豎向鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)相連接。澆注墊(dian)石的砼(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于C30號或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于設(she)計標號，墊(dian)石砼(tong)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用水(shui)平尺(chi)校準，力求平整而不(bu)(bu)(bu)光滑(hua)。⑶支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)標高力求準確(que)一致。尤其是一片梁的兩個或(huo)四個支座的支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處于同一平面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)(yi)免發(fa)生偏壓，初(chu)始剪切與不(bu)(bu)(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁安裝橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)將墩臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面去(qu)除(chu)(chu)浮沙(sha)，表面應(ying)清潔、平整(zheng)無油污。若墩臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)標(biao)高差距過大，可用水(shui)泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)計圖(tu)標(biao)出支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線，同時在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心(xin)(xin)線。將橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放(fang)在支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)中心(xin)(xin)線同墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)相(xiang)重(zhong)合，支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同一(yi)(yi)片梁的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處于同一(yi)(yi)平面上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便找平，可于澆(jiao)(jiao)注前(qian)在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)間(jian)鋪涂(tu)一(yi)(yi)層水(shui)泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)，讓(rang)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在重(zhong)力下(xia)自動(dong)找平。⑷在澆(jiao)(jiao)注砼梁體前(qian)，在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)(yi)塊比(bi)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平面稍(shao)大的(de)(de)支(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)與梁體相(xiang)連(lian)接。將此支(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)視(shi)作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁模板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注。為(wei)防止漏漿(jiang)，可在支(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間(jian)四周空(kong)隙處，用紗回絲，油灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)填設(she)。以后在拆(chai)除(chu)(chu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)時，再將填充物除(chu)(chu)去(qu)，按(an)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)面同梁底鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面全(quan)部(bu)密貼(tie)。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝好預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡(jin)可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與墊(dian)石頂面的(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使其同(tong)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面全部密貼，避免偏壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)發(fa)生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理(li)好支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)接觸的(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)面應(ying)保證水平(ping)(ping)與平(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水泥砂漿搗(dao)實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)正確(que)就位(wei)。先(xian)按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)按(an)(an)設計中(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)置就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線應(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心線相(xiang)(xiang)重合(he);板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線應(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心線相(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行。為落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確(que)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心線，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)(shang)標出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心線的(de)沿直線;落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心線相(xiang)(xiang)吻合(he)。以后數(shu)跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準(zhun)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)平(ping)(ping)穩(wen)，防止支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)偏心受壓或(huo)(huo)產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)略大的(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼板(ban)作過(guo)渡，以免橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼板(ban)應(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環氧(yang)樹脂砂漿粘(zhan)結。