在橋梁工程施工中，堯都橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實堯都橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保堯都橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是堯都橡膠支座應用成功與(yu)否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構(gou)上(shang)(shang)分為(wei)普通板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)和四氟(fu)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)。板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)從形狀(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)分為(wei)矩形和圓(yuan)形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨徑(jing)小于(yu)30m、位移(yi)(yi)量較小的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)平面形(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)結構(gou)(gou)：正交(jiao)橋用(yong)(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋及圓(yuan)柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋亦可用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(平行四(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(它(ta)的(de)銳角與梁(liang)(liang)的(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角相同(tong)(tong))，但(dan)這種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨徑(jing)、多(duo)跨連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板等結構(gou)(gou)的(de)大位移(yi)(yi)量的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。它(ta)還可用(yong)(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)(yi)的(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)四(si)氟板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)分別與普通(tong)板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石的(de)設置：

　　為(wei)了保證橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的施工(gong)質量(liang)，以及安裝、調(diao)整、觀察及更換支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的方便;不管是(shi)(shi)采用現澆梁還是(shi)(shi)預制梁法施工(gong)，不管是(shi)(shi)安裝何種類(lei)型的板式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺頂(ding)設置支(zhi)承墊石(shi)都是(shi)(shi)必要的。

　　在施工支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)大小應(ying)能承(cheng)受上(shang)部構(gou)造荷載為(wei)宜，一(yi)般(ban)長度(du)(du)與(yu)寬度(du)(du)應(ying)比橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)(du)應(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)(yi)保證梁底到墩臺頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)空間高度(du)(du)，用來安放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)座(zuo)調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)布設鋼筋網片，豎向(xiang)鋼筋應(ying)與(yu)墩臺內鋼筋相連接。澆(jiao)注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)砼標號應(ying)不低于C30號或(huo)不低于設計標號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水平(ping)尺(chi)校準，力(li)求平(ping)整而不光(guang)滑。⑶支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標高力(li)求準確一(yi)致。尤其(qi)是一(yi)片梁的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)內，以(yi)(yi)免(mian)發生偏壓，初(chu)始剪切與(yu)不均勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)安裝(zhuang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)方便。施(shi)工順序(xu)如下：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)去(qu)除(chu)浮沙，表(biao)面(mian)應(ying)清(qing)潔、平整無(wu)油(you)污。若墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)標(biao)高差距過大，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)水泥砂(sha)漿調整。⑵、在支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)(she)計(ji)圖標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心線，同時在橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)十(shi)字(zi)交(jiao)叉中(zhong)心線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放在支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)心線同墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)計(ji)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準(zhun)確。⑶、同一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)或(huo)(huo)四個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處(chu)于同一(yi)平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方便找平，可(ke)(ke)于澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)在橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水泥砂(sha)漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在重力下自動找平。⑷在澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)砼梁(liang)體前(qian)，在橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)(she)一(yi)塊(kuai)比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)稍(shao)大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)體相連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)視作現(xian)澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)。為(wei)防止漏漿，可(ke)(ke)在支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)之間(jian)四周空(kong)隙(xi)處(chu)，用(yong)紗回絲，油(you)灰或(huo)(huo)軟木板(ban)填(tian)設(she)(she)。以后在拆(chai)除(chu)模(mo)板(ban)時，再將(jiang)填(tian)充物除(chu)去(qu)，按(an)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)同梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁(liang)橡膠支座的安裝(zhuang)：

　　安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)好預(yu)(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡(jin)可(ke)能地保(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)墊石頂面(mian)(mian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使其(qi)同(tong)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生。施(shi)工順序如下：⑴、先按(an)現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理(li)好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石。⑵、預(yu)(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)應保(bao)證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂(feng)窩或(huo)傾斜度應預(yu)(yu)先用水泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)搗實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正確就位。先按(an)現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊石上(shang)(shang)按(an)設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位置(zhi)就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)應同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合(he);板(ban)(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)應與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨(kua)(kua)板(ban)(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字(zi)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)的(de)沿直線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻合(he)。以(yi)后數跨(kua)(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基(ji)準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應平(ping)(ping)穩，防(fang)止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓(ya)或(huo)產生初(chu)始(shi)剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加設比(bi)(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋混凝土(tu)墊塊或(huo)厚(hou)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超(chao)載、應力集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)(gang)筋混凝土(tu)墊塊或(huo)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)應同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環(huan)氧樹脂砂(sha)漿(jiang)粘結(jie)。