在橋梁工程施工中，嘉黎橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實嘉黎橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保嘉黎橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是嘉黎橡膠支座應用成功(gong)與否(fou)的關鍵(jian)所在(zai)。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分為普通板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座和四氟板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座。板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座從形狀上分為矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨徑(jing)小(xiao)于(yu)30m、位移量較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平面形狀適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)結構(gou)：正交橋用(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)座(zuo);曲(qu)線橋、斜(xie)交橋及圓柱(zhu)墩橋用(yong)(yong)圓形支(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交橋亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(jiao)(平行四(si)邊形)支(zhi)座(zuo)(它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交角(jiao)(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)座(zuo)正在(zai)被圓形支(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨徑(jing)、多(duo)跨連續、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)連續板(ban)(ban)等結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大位移量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。它(ta)還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)連續梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形、圓形四(si)氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分(fen)別與普通板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二、支(zhi)承墊(dian)石的設(she)置：

　　為(wei)了保證橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座的(de)施工(gong)質量，以及(ji)安(an)裝(zhuang)、調(diao)整、觀察(cha)及(ji)更換支(zhi)座的(de)方便;不管(guan)是采用現澆梁還是預制梁法(fa)施工(gong)，不管(guan)是安(an)裝(zhuang)何種類型的(de)板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座，在墩臺頂(ding)設(she)置支(zhi)承墊石(shi)都是必(bi)要的(de)。

　　在(zai)施工(gong)支承墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意幾(ji)點事項(xiang)：⑴、支承墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)的平(ping)(ping)面尺寸大(da)小(xiao)應(ying)(ying)能承受上部(bu)構(gou)造荷載為(wei)宜，一般長度(du)與(yu)寬(kuan)度(du)應(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支座大(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)度(du)應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)6cm，以保證梁底到墩(dun)(dun)臺頂(ding)面有足夠的空間(jian)高(gao)度(du)，用來安放千斤頂(ding)，供支座調(diao)換使用。⑵、支承墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋網片(pian)，豎(shu)向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩(dun)(dun)臺內(nei)鋼筋相連(lian)接(jie)。澆(jiao)注墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)的砼(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)C30號或(huo)(huo)不(bu)低于(yu)設計標號，墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用水平(ping)(ping)尺校(xiao)準，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)整而(er)不(bu)光滑。⑶支承墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面標高(gao)力(li)求準確一致。尤(you)其是(shi)一片(pian)梁的兩個或(huo)(huo)四個支座的支承墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一平(ping)(ping)面內(nei)，以免發生偏壓，初始剪切與(yu)不(bu)均勻(yun)受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)梁安(an)裝橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施(shi)工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)將墩臺墊(dian)石頂(ding)面去(qu)除浮(fu)沙，表面應清潔、平(ping)整無油(you)污。若墩臺墊(dian)石的標高差距過大，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)水泥(ni)砂漿調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)(she)計圖(tu)標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中心線(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心線(xian)。將橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的中心線(xian)同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)計位(wei)置(zhi)中心相重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準(zhun)確(que)。⑶、同(tong)一片梁的兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處于同(tong)一平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便找(zhao)(zhao)平(ping)，可(ke)于澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石間鋪涂(tu)一層水泥(ni)砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重(zhong)力下自動找(zhao)(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)砼(tong)梁體(ti)前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)(she)一塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面稍大的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)筋與(yu)梁體(ti)相連接。將此(ci)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)梁模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的一部分進(jin)行澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏漿，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間四周空隙處，用(yong)(yong)紗回(hui)絲，油(you)灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)填設(she)(she)。以后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)時(shi)，再(zai)將填充物除去(qu)，按(an)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面同(tong)梁底(di)鋼(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石頂(ding)面全部密貼。

　　四、預(yu)制梁(liang)橡(xiang)膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)(hao)預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于(yu)盡可(ke)能地保(bao)證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與墊(dian)(dian)石頂面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同(tong)(tong)(tong)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼，避(bi)免偏壓(ya)(ya)、脫空、不(bu)均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。施工(gong)順(shun)序(xu)如下：⑴、先按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處(chu)理好(hao)(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)證(zheng)水平(ping)與平(ping)整。若有蜂(feng)窩或傾斜度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用(yong)水泥砂漿搗(dao)實(shi)、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就(jiu)位(wei)(wei)。先按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石上(shang)按(an)設計中心(xin)(xin)位(wei)(wei)置就(jiu)位(wei)(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)(xin)線相重合(he);板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)(xin)線相平(ping)行(xing)。為落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)(hao)兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)字位(wei)(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)(mian)上(shang)標(biao)出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)直線;落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線相吻合(he)。以后數(shu)跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受(shou)壓(ya)(ya)或產(chan)生初(chu)始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加(jia)設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊(kuai)或厚鋼板作過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力集(ji)中。該鋼筋混凝土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊(kuai)或鋼板應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用(yong)環氧(yang)樹脂砂漿粘(zhan)結。