在橋梁工程施工中，林州橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實林州橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保林州橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是林州橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功與(yu)否(fou)的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上分為普通(tong)板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)和(he)四(si)氟板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)。板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)從形(xing)(xing)狀上分為矩形(xing)(xing)和(he)圓形(xing)(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑(jing)小于30m、位移量較小的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)結(jie)構(gou)：正(zheng)交橋用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;曲線橋、斜(xie)交橋及圓(yuan)(yuan)柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;斜(xie)交橋亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平(ping)行四邊(bian)形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(它的(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交角(jiao)相同(tong)(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)座正(zheng)在被圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座所代替。四氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座多適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于大(da)跨(kua)徑(jing)、多跨(kua)連續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連續板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)位移量的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。它還(huan)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作連續梁(liang)頂(ding)推(tui)及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)四氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普通板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證(zheng)橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)，以及安裝、調整(zheng)、觀察及更換支座的(de)方便;不(bu)管(guan)是采(cai)用現澆梁還是預制梁法施(shi)工(gong)，不(bu)管(guan)是安裝何種類型的(de)板式橡膠(jiao)支座，在墩臺頂設置支承墊(dian)石(shi)都(dou)是必要的(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)應(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)意幾(ji)點事(shi)項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)的平面(mian)尺(chi)(chi)寸大小應(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷(he)載為宜，一(yi)般長度與寬度應(ying)比橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊石(shi)高度應(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)保證梁底到墩臺(tai)頂面(mian)有足夠的空間高度，用(yong)(yong)來(lai)安放(fang)千斤頂，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座調換使用(yong)(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)內(nei)應(ying)布設(she)鋼筋網(wang)片，豎向鋼筋應(ying)與墩臺(tai)內(nei)鋼筋相連接(jie)。澆注(zhu)(zhu)墊石(shi)的砼標號應(ying)不低(di)于C30號或(huo)不低(di)于設(she)計標號，墊石(shi)砼頂面(mian)應(ying)預(yu)先用(yong)(yong)水平尺(chi)(chi)校(xiao)準(zhun)，力求平整(zheng)而(er)不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)頂面(mian)標高力求準(zhun)確一(yi)致(zhi)。尤其(qi)是一(yi)片梁的兩個或(huo)四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)頂面(mian)應(ying)處于同一(yi)平面(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)免發生偏(pian)壓(ya)，初始剪切(qie)與不均勻受力現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)安裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)較方便。施(shi)工順(shun)序如(ru)下：⑴、先將(jiang)(jiang)墩(dun)臺墊石頂面(mian)(mian)去(qu)除浮沙(sha)，表面(mian)(mian)應(ying)清潔、平(ping)整無油污。若(ruo)墩(dun)臺墊石的標(biao)(biao)高差距過大(da)，可(ke)用(yong)水泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設(she)計圖標(biao)(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉(cha)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)安放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)墊石上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)相(xiang)重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)一片梁(liang)(liang)的兩個(ge)(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)應(ying)處于(yu)同(tong)一平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方便找(zhao)平(ping)，可(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前(qian)在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與墊石間鋪涂一層水泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下自(zi)動(dong)找(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)注砼(tong)梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)(ti)前(qian)，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加(jia)設(she)一塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大(da)的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)連接。將(jiang)(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作(zuo)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的一部分進行澆(jiao)注。為防止漏(lou)漿(jiang)(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)之間四周(zhou)空(kong)隙處，用(yong)紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)填(tian)設(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)(jiang)填(tian)充物(wu)除去(qu)，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊石頂面(mian)(mian)全部密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠(jiao)支座的安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于(yu)盡(jin)可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與(yu)墊(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平行、平整(zheng)使(shi)其同橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下面(mian)全(quan)部密貼，避(bi)免偏壓、脫空、不均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施工順序如下：⑴、先按現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理(li)好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)平面(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保證水(shui)平與(yu)平整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)(huo)傾斜度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用(yong)水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿搗(dao)實、整(zheng)平。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就位。先按現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩臺墊(dian)石上按設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位置就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相平行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好兩(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上標(biao)出兩(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)直(zhi)線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同墩臺上的(de)(de)(de)位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相吻(wen)合。以后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)平穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受(shou)壓或(huo)(huo)(huo)產生(sheng)初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬(kuan)，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之(zhi)間(jian)加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略(lve)大的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝土(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)厚(hou)鋼板作過渡，以免橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼筋混凝土(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)鋼板應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用(yong)環氧(yang)樹脂砂(sha)漿粘結。