在橋梁工程施工中，臨淄橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實臨淄橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保臨淄橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是臨淄橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功(gong)與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上(shang)分為普通板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座和(he)(he)四氟板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座。板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座從形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀上(shang)分為矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)(duo)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)跨(kua)徑小于(yu)30m、位移(yi)量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)平面(mian)形(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)結(jie)構：正(zheng)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)及(ji)圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)斜(xie)(xie)角(jiao)(平行四(si)邊形(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)角(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)正(zheng)在(zai)被圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)所代(dai)替。四(si)氟板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)(duo)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)大跨(kua)徑、多(duo)(duo)跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板等結(jie)構的(de)(de)大位移(yi)量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。它還可用(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)四(si)氟板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)分(fen)別與普通板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二(er)、支承(cheng)墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)施工質(zhi)量(liang)，以及安裝、調整(zheng)、觀(guan)察及更(geng)換支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)方便(bian);不管是(shi)采用現澆梁(liang)(liang)還是(shi)預制梁(liang)(liang)法施工，不管是(shi)安裝何種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)板式橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺(tai)頂設置支(zhi)承墊石(shi)都是(shi)必要的(de)(de)。

　　在施(shi)工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石應(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受上部構造荷(he)載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)(du)與寬度(du)(du)應(ying)比橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石高度(du)(du)應(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保證梁(liang)底(di)到(dao)墩臺(tai)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠的(de)(de)空間(jian)高度(du)(du)，用(yong)來安放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)調(diao)換(huan)使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石內(nei)應(ying)布設鋼筋(jin)網(wang)片，豎向(xiang)鋼筋(jin)應(ying)與墩臺(tai)內(nei)鋼筋(jin)相連(lian)接。澆注(zhu)(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石的(de)(de)砼標(biao)號應(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)C30號或(huo)不(bu)低于(yu)設計標(biao)號，墊(dian)(dian)石砼頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)預(yu)先用(yong)水平(ping)(ping)尺校準，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高力(li)求準確一(yi)致。尤(you)其是一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)(de)兩個或(huo)四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以免發生偏壓，初(chu)始剪切與不(bu)均(jun)勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆梁(liang)(liang)安(an)裝(zhuang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便(bian)。施工(gong)順(shun)序如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石頂(ding)面去除浮沙，表面應(ying)清潔、平(ping)整無油污。若墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石的(de)標(biao)高差距過大(da)，可用水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石上(shang)按設(she)(she)計圖(tu)標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)十(shi)字交叉中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石上(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)設(she)(she)計位置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)相(xiang)重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位準確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)(liang)的(de)兩個或(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處于同(tong)(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面上(shang)，為(wei) 方便(bian)找平(ping)，可于澆注前在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)石間(jian)鋪(pu)涂一(yi)層(ceng)水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重力(li)下(xia)(xia)自(zi)動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆注砼(tong)梁(liang)(liang)體前，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)需加設(she)(she)一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面稍大(da)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)體相(xiang)連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)視作現澆梁(liang)(liang)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分進(jin)行澆注。為(wei)防止漏漿，可在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間(jian)四(si)周空隙處，用紗回絲，油灰(hui)或(huo)軟(ruan)木(mu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)填設(she)(she)。以后(hou)在(zai)拆除模板(ban)(ban)(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)填充物(wu)除去，按以上(shang)施工(gong)可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)面同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石頂(ding)面全部(bu)密貼。

　　四(si)、預(yu)制梁橡膠支座的安(an)裝：

　　安裝好預(yu)制(zhi)梁橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡(jin)可能地保證(zheng)梁底(di)(di)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)的(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下面(mian)全(quan)部(bu)密貼，避免偏(pian)壓(ya)(ya)、脫空、不均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)發(fa)生。施工順序如下：⑴、先按現(xian)澆梁⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)梁同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)面(mian)應(ying)保證(zheng)水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)平(ping)整。若有(you)蜂(feng)窩或傾(qing)斜(xie)度應(ying)預(yu)先用(yong)水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)搗(dao)實、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)正確(que)就(jiu)位(wei)。先按現(xian)澆梁將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上按設(she)(she)計(ji)中心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)位(wei)。T型梁的(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)相重合(he)(he);板梁與(yu)箱梁的(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)相平(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)(wei)落(luo)梁準(zhun)確(que)，在(zai)架 跨板梁或箱梁時(shi)(shi)，可在(zai)梁底(di)(di)劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)十字位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)梁端立面(mian)上標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)沿直(zhi)線(xian);落(luo)梁時(shi)(shi)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)相吻合(he)(he)。以后數跨可依 跨梁為(wei)(wei)基(ji)準(zhun)落(luo)梁。⑷、梁落(luo)梁時(shi)(shi)應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心(xin)受壓(ya)(ya)或產生初始剪切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁底(di)(di)之間加設(she)(she)比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或厚鋼(gang)板作過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)超載、應(ying)力集中。該鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或鋼(gang)板應(ying)同(tong)梁底(di)(di)用(yong)環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)粘結。