在橋梁工程施工中，木里橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實木里橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保木里橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是木里橡膠支座應用成功與否的關鍵所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分為普通(tong)板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座和(he)(he)四(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座。板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座從形狀上分為矩形和(he)(he)圓(yuan)形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨徑小于(yu)30m、位移量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)平面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結構(gou)：正交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦可用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平行四邊形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)交角(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在(zai)被圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨徑、多跨連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)等結構(gou)的(de)(de)大位移量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還可用(yong)(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)頂推(tui)及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)橫(heng)移的(de)(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)四氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)普通(tong)板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二(er)、支(zhi)承墊石的設(she)置：

　　為(wei)了保證橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座的(de)施工質量，以及安裝、調整、觀察及更換支(zhi)座的(de)方便;不管(guan)是(shi)采用現澆(jiao)梁還是(shi)預制(zhi)梁法施工，不管(guan)是(shi)安裝何種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座，在墩(dun)臺頂設置支(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工(gong)支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)尺(chi)寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承受上部構造荷載為(wei)宜，一(yi)般長度(du)與寬(kuan)度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座大10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)(yi)保證梁底到(dao)墩臺頂面(mian)有足夠的(de)空間高度(du)，用來(lai)安放千斤頂，供支(zhi)座調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋網片(pian)，豎向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)鋼筋相(xiang)連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)砼標號(hao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不低于C30號(hao)或(huo)不低于設計標號(hao)，墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼頂面(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用水平(ping)尺(chi)校準，力(li)求平(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)標高力(li)求準確一(yi)致(zhi)。尤其(qi)是一(yi)片(pian)梁的(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)座的(de)支(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處(chu)于同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)(yi)免發生偏壓，初始(shi)剪切(qie)與不均勻受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)安裝橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施(shi)工(gong)順序如下(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面去除(chu)浮(fu)沙，表面應清(qing)潔、平(ping)整無油污(wu)。若墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)標(biao)(biao)高差距過大(da)，可(ke)用(yong)水(shui)泥砂漿調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計圖標(biao)(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位置中心(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標(biao)(biao)上(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中心(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)線(xian)同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)設計位置中心(xin)相(xiang)重合，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位準確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)，為 方便找(zhao)平(ping)，可(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)水(shui)泥砂漿，讓(rang)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重力下(xia)自動(dong)找(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面稍大(da)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)體相(xiang)連(lian)接(jie)。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)(yi)部分進(jin)行澆(jiao)注。為防止漏漿，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)之間四(si)周空隙處，用(yong)紗回(hui)絲，油灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)填(tian)設。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)填(tian)充物除(chu)去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面全部密貼。

　　四、預(yu)制(zhi)梁橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)的安裝：

　　安裝好預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡可(ke)能地(di)保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與(yu)墊石(shi)頂面(mian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使其同橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)全部密貼，避免偏壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)保證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用(yong)水泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)搗實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正確就位(wei)(wei)(wei)。先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)墊石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設(she)計中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)就位(wei)(wei)(wei)。T型(xing)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨(kua)(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)沿(yan)直線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻(wen)合。以后數跨(kua)(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)(xin)受壓或(huo)(huo)產生初始(shi)剪(jian)切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬，則在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)板(ban)作過渡(du)，以免橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)應(ying)(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用(yong)環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)砂(sha)漿(jiang)粘結。