在橋梁工程施工中，上街橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實上街橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保上街橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是上街橡膠支座應用成功與否的關鍵(jian)所在(zai)。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結構(gou)上分(fen)(fen)為普通(tong)板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座(zuo)和四(si)氟板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座(zuo)。板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座(zuo)從(cong)形(xing)狀上分(fen)(fen)為矩形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)于跨徑(jing)小(xiao)于30m、位移(yi)量(liang)較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面形狀(zhuang)適用(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)結構：正(zheng)交橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)形支(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)亦(yi)可用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(平(ping)行四邊形)支(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)(de)銳角與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交角相同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)座(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓(yuan)(yuan)形支(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)于大跨徑(jing)、多跨連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)板等(deng)結構的(de)(de)(de)大位移(yi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。它還可用(yong)(yong)作連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橫(heng)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)塊(kuai)。矩形、圓(yuan)(yuan)形四氟板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)普通板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石的設置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座(zuo)的(de)施工質量，以及安(an)裝(zhuang)、調整、觀察及更換支座(zuo)的(de)方便(bian);不(bu)管是(shi)采用現澆梁還是(shi)預(yu)制(zhi)梁法施工，不(bu)管是(shi)安(an)裝(zhuang)何種類型的(de)板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座(zuo)，在墩臺(tai)頂設置支承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受上(shang)部(bu)構造(zao)荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石高度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大于(yu)(yu)6cm，以保證梁(liang)底到墩臺(tai)(tai)頂(ding)面有足夠的(de)(de)空間(jian)高度(du)，用(yong)(yong)來安放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調(diao)換(huan)使用(yong)(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石內應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼筋(jin)網片(pian)，豎向鋼筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺(tai)(tai)內鋼筋(jin)相連接(jie)。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石的(de)(de)砼(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不低于(yu)(yu)C30號或不低于(yu)(yu)設(she)計標號，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石砼(tong)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)尺校準，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)整而不光(guang)滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面標高力(li)求準確(que)一(yi)致。尤(you)其是(shi)一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處于(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面內，以免發生偏壓，初始剪切與不均勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)安(an)裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)方便(bian)。施(shi)工順(shun)序(xu)如下：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去除浮沙(sha)，表面(mian)(mian)(mian)應清潔、平整(zheng)(zheng)無油污。若墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)標(biao)高差距過大，可(ke)(ke)用水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整(zheng)(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)按設計(ji)圖(tu)標(biao)出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線，同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)十(shi)字交(jiao)叉(cha)中心(xin)(xin)線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)(xin)線同墩(dun)臺上(shang)設計(ji)位(wei)(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)(wei)準(zhun)確(que)。⑶、同一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處于(yu)同一(yi)(yi)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)，為(wei) 方便(bian)找平，可(ke)(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)石(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)(yi)層水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重力下自動找平。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體(ti)(ti)前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)需加設一(yi)(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)，鋼板(ban)(ban)上(shang)焊錨固鋼筋(jin)與梁(liang)體(ti)(ti)相連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)視作(zuo)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分進行(xing)澆(jiao)注。為(wei)防止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)之間四(si)周空隙處，用紗回絲，油灰(hui)或軟木板(ban)(ban)填設。以后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模板(ban)(ban)時，再(zai)將(jiang)填充物除去，按以上(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下面(mian)(mian)(mian)同梁(liang)底鋼 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠(jiao)支座的安裝(zhuang)：

　　安(an)裝好(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可(ke)能地(di)保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)(yu)墊(dian)石頂面(mian)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使(shi)其同(tong)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)上下面(mian)全部密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)(ya)、脫(tuo)空、不(bu)均勻(yun)支(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)發生。施(shi)工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)(xian)按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)座(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)底平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)保證(zheng)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先(xian)(xian)用水(shui)(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)正確就位(wei)。先(xian)(xian)按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石上按(an)(an)設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線應(ying)(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)重合(he);板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)十字位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立(li)面(mian)上標出兩個支(zhi)座(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線的(de)(de)沿直線;落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)上的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)吻合(he)。以(yi)后數跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)座(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)(huo)產(chan)生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)座(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)座(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間(jian)加設(she)比(bi)支(zhi)座(zuo)略(lve)大的(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚(hou)鋼板作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼板應(ying)(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)粘結。