在橋梁工程施工中，蜀山橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實蜀山橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保蜀山橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是蜀山橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功與(yu)否的關鍵(jian)所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上(shang)(shang)分(fen)為(wei)普通板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座和(he)四氟板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座。板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座從形狀上(shang)(shang)分(fen)為(wei)矩形和(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)跨(kua)徑小于(yu)(yu)(yu)30m、位移量(liang)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)形(xing)狀適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲(qu)線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)亦(yi)可(ke)用(yong)斜角(jiao)(平(ping)行四(si)邊(bian)形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與(yu)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜交(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連(lian)(lian)續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)(lian)續板(ban)等(deng)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)位移量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它還可(ke)用(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)(lian)續梁(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)分(fen)別與(yu)普通(tong)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)施工質(zhi)量，以及安裝(zhuang)、調(diao)整、觀察及更換支座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)方便(bian);不管是(shi)采用現澆梁還是(shi)預(yu)制梁法施工，不管是(shi)安裝(zhuang)何(he)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)板(ban)式橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺(tai)頂設(she)置支承墊石(shi)都(dou)是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意幾點(dian)事(shi)項(xiang)：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)平面尺(chi)寸大(da)小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷載(zai)為(wei)宜，一般(ban)長度(du)(du)與(yu)寬度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)高(gao)度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)6cm，以保證梁(liang)底到墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面有足夠的(de)空間高(gao)度(du)(du)，用來(lai)安(an)放千斤(jin)頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調換(huan)使用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)內應(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼(gang)筋(jin)網片，豎(shu)向鋼(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺內鋼(gang)筋(jin)相連接(jie)。澆注墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)砼標號(hao)應(ying)(ying)不低(di)于(yu)C30號(hao)或不低(di)于(yu)設(she)計(ji)標號(hao)，墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)(ying)預先用水平尺(chi)校準，力求(qiu)平整而不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面標高(gao)力求(qiu)準確一致。尤其是一片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同(tong)一平面內，以免發生偏壓，初始(shi)剪切與(yu)不均勻受(shou)力現(xian)象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)安裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便(bian)。施工順序(xu)如下：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)墩(dun)(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)(mian)應清潔(jie)、平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)無油污。若墩(dun)(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)標高差距(ju)過大(da)，可(ke)用水泥砂(sha)漿調(diao)整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上按設(she)(she)計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線，同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上也(ye)標上十字交叉中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線同墩(dun)(dun)臺上設(she)(she)計位(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同一片梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于(yu)同一平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上，為 方(fang)便(bian)找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)，可(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)鋪(pu)涂(tu)一層水泥砂(sha)漿，讓(rang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重力下自動找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁(liang)(liang)(liang)體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上需加設(she)(she)一塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大(da)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板，鋼(gang)板上焊(han)錨(mao)固鋼(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)體相連接(jie)。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)模板的(de)一部分進行(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏漿，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板之(zhi)間(jian)四周空隙處，用紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟木板填設(she)(she)。以(yi)后(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模板時，再將(jiang)填充物除去，按以(yi)上施工可(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下面(mian)(mian)(mian)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底鋼(gang) 板、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全部密貼。

　　四、預(yu)制梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好(hao)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)墊石頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使其同橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下面(mian)全(quan)部密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)、脫空、不(bu)均勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)。施工順序如(ru)下：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應保證水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩(wo)或(huo)傾斜(xie)度應預(yu)先(xian)用(yong)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)(jiang)搗(dao)實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就位(wei)。先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺(tai)墊石上(shang)按設計中心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相重(zhong)合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相平(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為(wei)落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)字位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上(shang)標出兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩臺(tai)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相吻合。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應平(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓(ya)或(huo)產生(sheng)初始剪切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加(jia)設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大(da)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊塊(kuai)(kuai)或(huo)厚(hou)鋼(gang)板(ban)作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局(ju)部超載、應力集中。該鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊塊(kuai)(kuai)或(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)應同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用(yong)環氧樹(shu)脂砂漿(jiang)(jiang)粘結(jie)。