在橋梁工程施工中，高郵橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實高郵橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保高郵橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是高郵橡膠支座應用成功與(yu)否(fou)的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上(shang)(shang)分為(wei)普(pu)通板式橡膠支座和(he)(he)四氟板式橡膠支座。板式橡膠支座從形狀(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)分為(wei)矩形和(he)(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)跨(kua)(kua)徑小于(yu)(yu)30m、位移(yi)量(liang)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)狀適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)橋用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座;曲(qu)線橋、斜交(jiao)橋及圓(yuan)柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座;斜交(jiao)橋亦可用(yong)(yong)斜角(jiao)(jiao)(平(ping)(ping)行四(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支(zhi)座(它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜交(jiao)角(jiao)(jiao)相同(tong))，但(dan)這種支(zhi)座正(zheng)在被圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座多適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)大跨(kua)(kua)徑、多跨(kua)(kua)連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續板(ban)等結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)大位移(yi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。它(ta)還可用(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫(heng)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普(pu)通板(ban)式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座相同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石(shi)的設(she)置：

　　為(wei)了保證(zheng)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座的施(shi)工質量，以及安(an)裝、調整、觀察(cha)及更換支(zhi)(zhi)座的方便;不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)采(cai)用現澆(jiao)梁還(huan)是(shi)預制梁法(fa)施(shi)工，不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)安(an)裝何種類型的板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座，在墩臺(tai)頂設置支(zhi)(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)必(bi)要的。

　　在施工支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸大小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長(chang)度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保證梁底到墩臺(tai)頂面(mian)(mian)有(you)足夠的(de)空間高度(du)，用(yong)(yong)來安放千斤頂，供支(zhi)座(zuo)調換使用(yong)(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設(she)(she)鋼筋網片，豎向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)與墩臺(tai)內(nei)鋼筋相連(lian)接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)砼(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于(yu)C30號或(huo)不(bu)低(di)于(yu)設(she)(she)計標號，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用(yong)(yong)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)尺(chi)校(xiao)準(zhun)，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光(guang)滑。⑶支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)標高力(li)求準(zhun)確(que)一(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)片梁的(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以免發生(sheng)偏壓，初始剪切與不(bu)均勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)安(an)裝橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施工順序(xu)如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)將墩臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)應清潔、平整(zheng)無油(you)污。若墩臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)標(biao)(biao)高差距過大，可用(yong)水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設(she)(she)計圖標(biao)(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心線(xian)，同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標(biao)(biao)上(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心線(xian)。將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心線(xian)同墩臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)計位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位(wei)準(zhun)確(que)。⑶、同一片梁(liang)(liang)的(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于同一平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便找平，可于澆(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)石(shi)間鋪(pu)涂一層水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓(rang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重力下(xia)自動(dong)找平。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)(liang)體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需(xu)加設(she)(she)一塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)體相連(lian)接(jie)。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)模板(ban)(ban)的(de)一部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)注。為防(fang)止漏漿(jiang)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間四周空隙(xi)處，用(yong)紗回絲，油(you)灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)填(tian)設(she)(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)(chu)模板(ban)(ban)時，再將填(tian)充物除(chu)(chu)去(qu)，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面(mian)同梁(liang)(liang)底(di)鋼(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)全部(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁橡(xiang)膠支座的安(an)裝：

　　安(an)裝好預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡(jin)可能地保(bao)證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與(yu)墊(dian)石頂面的(de)(de)(de)平行、平整(zheng)(zheng)使其(qi)同(tong)(tong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上下(xia)面全部(bu)(bu)密貼，避免偏壓、脫(tuo)空、不均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)平面應保(bao)證(zheng)水(shui)平與(yu)平整(zheng)(zheng)。若有蜂窩(wo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)傾斜度應預(yu)先用水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿搗實、整(zheng)(zheng)平。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就位(wei)。先按(an)(an)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊(dian)石上按(an)(an)設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)應同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)應與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)平行。為(wei)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃(hua)好兩(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上標出兩(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)墩臺上的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)吻合。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應平穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受(shou)壓或(huo)(huo)(huo)產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間(jian)加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)厚鋼板(ban)作(zuo)過渡(du)，以(yi)免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)(bu)超(chao)載、應力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)(huo)鋼板(ban)應同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)砂漿粘結。