在橋梁工程施工中，紅塔橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實紅塔橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保紅塔橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是紅塔橡膠支座應用成功與(yu)否(fou)的關(guan)鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結構上(shang)分為普通(tong)板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)和(he)(he)四氟板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)。板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)從(cong)形狀上(shang)分為矩形和(he)(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于跨徑(jing)(jing)小于30m、位移(yi)量(liang)較小的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平面形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)適用(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;曲線橋、斜交(jiao)橋及圓柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)圓形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;斜交(jiao)橋亦(yi)可用(yong)(yong)斜角(平行四(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)銳角與(yu)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)斜交(jiao)角相同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)座正在被(bei)圓形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座所代替。四(si)氟(fu)板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座多(duo)(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于大(da)跨徑(jing)(jing)、多(duo)(duo)跨連(lian)續(xu)(xu)、簡(jian)支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)板等結構的(de)(de)(de)大(da)位移(yi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)橋梁(liang)。它(ta)還可用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)四(si)氟(fu)板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別與(yu)普通(tong)板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座相同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設(she)置：

　　為了保證橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工質量(liang)，以及安裝(zhuang)、調整、觀(guan)察及更換支座的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)便;不管是(shi)采用(yong)現澆梁(liang)還是(shi)預(yu)制梁(liang)法施(shi)工，不管是(shi)安裝(zhuang)何種類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)板式橡膠(jiao)支座，在墩臺頂設(she)置支承墊石都是(shi)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)。

　　在施工(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意幾點事(shi)項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)平(ping)面尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)能(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷載為(wei)宜，一般長(chang)度與寬度應(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保證梁底到墩臺頂(ding)面有足夠的(de)(de)空間高度，用來安放千斤頂(ding)，供(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座調(diao)換使(shi)用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋(jin)網片，豎(shu)向鋼筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)鋼筋(jin)相連接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)砼標號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)C30號或(huo)不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)設計標號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)預先用水平(ping)尺校(xiao)準，力(li)求(qiu)平(ping)整而不(bu)(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面標高力(li)求(qiu)準確一致(zhi)。尤(you)其是一片梁的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同(tong)一平(ping)面內(nei)，以免發生偏(pian)壓，初始剪(jian)切(qie)與不(bu)(bu)均勻受(shou)力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁安裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施(shi)工順序(xu)如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)(jiang)墩臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)去除(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)應清潔、平(ping)(ping)整無油(you)污(wu)。若墩臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)標(biao)高差(cha)距(ju)過(guo)大，可(ke)(ke)用水泥砂漿(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)按設(she)計圖標(biao)出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)也(ye)標(biao)上(shang)十字交叉(cha)中心(xin)(xin)線。將(jiang)(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)，使(shi)(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)(xin)線同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩臺(tai)上(shang)設(she)計位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)相(xiang)重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)片梁的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)上(shang)，為 方便找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)，可(ke)(ke)于澆(jiao)(jiao)注前在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)間鋪(pu)涂一(yi)層水泥砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)自(zi)動(dong)找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注砼梁體(ti)前，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)需(xu)加設(she)一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼(gang)筋(jin)與梁體(ti)相(xiang)連接。將(jiang)(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)視(shi)作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁模板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)分進行(xing)澆(jiao)(jiao)注。為防止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間四周空隙(xi)處，用紗回絲(si)，油(you)灰或軟(ruan)木板(ban)(ban)(ban)填設(she)。以后(hou)在(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)(jiang)填充物除(chu)去，按以上(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁底鋼(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)全部(bu)密貼。

　　四(si)、預制(zhi)梁(liang)橡膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好(hao)預制梁(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的關鍵，在(zai)于(yu)盡(jin)可能地保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與墊(dian)石頂面(mian)的平行、平整使(shi)其(qi)同橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)面(mian)全部密貼，避免偏壓、脫空、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的發生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的底(di)(di)平面(mian)應(ying)(ying)保證(zheng)水(shui)平與平整。若有蜂窩(wo)或傾斜度(du)應(ying)(ying)預先用水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)搗(dao)實、整平。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的正(zheng)確就位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。先按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石上(shang)按(an)設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)的縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)重合(he);板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)的縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)平行。為(wei)落梁(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)架 跨板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的十字位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上(shang)標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)的沿直(zhi)線(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)同墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)的位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)吻合(he)。以后(hou)數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)為(wei)基(ji)準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)平穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受(shou)壓或產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間(jian)加設(she)比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或厚(hou)鋼板(ban)(ban)作過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超(chao)載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊(dian)塊或鋼板(ban)(ban)應(ying)(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)粘結。