在橋梁工程施工中，九寨溝橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實九寨溝橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保九寨溝橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是九寨溝橡膠支座應用成功與否(fou)的(de)關鍵(jian)所(suo)在(zai)。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上(shang)分(fen)為普通板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座和四氟板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座。板(ban)(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座從形(xing)狀上(shang)分(fen)為矩(ju)形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑小于30m、位(wei)(wei)移量(liang)較小的橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不(bu)同(tong)的平面形狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于不(bu)同(tong)的橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結構：正(zheng)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矩(ju)(ju)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及圓柱(zhu)墩(dun)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)圓形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦(yi)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平行四(si)邊形)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(它的銳(rui)角(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)的斜(xie)交角(jiao)相(xiang)同(tong))，但(dan)這種支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于大跨(kua)徑、多(duo)跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板等結構的大位(wei)(wei)移量(liang)的橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移的滑塊。矩(ju)(ju)形、圓形四(si)氟板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分別與普通板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石(shi)的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠支座的(de)施工(gong)質量，以及安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、調整、觀察及更換支座的(de)方便;不管是(shi)(shi)采用現澆梁還是(shi)(shi)預制梁法施工(gong)，不管是(shi)(shi)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)何(he)種類(lei)型(xing)的(de)板(ban)式橡膠支座，在墩(dun)臺(tai)頂設置(zhi)支承墊石都(dou)是(shi)(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)應注(zhu)意(yi)幾點事項：⑴、支承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的平(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺寸大小應能承受上部構造荷載為宜(yi)，一(yi)般長(chang)度與(yu)寬度應比(bi)橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)高(gao)度應大于6cm，以(yi)保證(zheng)梁(liang)底到墩(dun)臺(tai)頂面(mian)有足夠(gou)的空間高(gao)度，用(yong)來安放千斤頂，供(gong)支座(zuo)調換使用(yong)。⑵、支承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)內應布設(she)鋼筋(jin)網(wang)片(pian)，豎向(xiang)鋼筋(jin)應與(yu)墩(dun)臺(tai)內鋼筋(jin)相(xiang)連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的砼標號應不(bu)低(di)于C30號或(huo)不(bu)低(di)于設(she)計標號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)砼頂面(mian)應預先用(yong)水平(ping)(ping)尺校準，力(li)求平(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)標高(gao)力(li)求準確一(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的兩個或(huo)四個支座(zuo)的支承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)應處(chu)于同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)內，以(yi)免發生偏壓，初(chu)始(shi)剪切與(yu)不(bu)均勻受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆梁(liang)安裝橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座較方(fang)便(bian)。施工(gong)順序(xu)如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去(qu)除浮(fu)沙，表面(mian)(mian)(mian)應清潔、平(ping)(ping)整無油污。若墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石的標(biao)高差距過(guo)大，可(ke)用水泥砂漿(jiang)調(diao)整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖標(biao)出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座位置中心線，同(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心線。將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的中心線同(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位置中心相(xiang)重(zhong)(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座就位準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座應處于同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便(bian)找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)，可(ke)于澆注前(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座與墊(dian)石間鋪涂一(yi)(yi)(yi)層水泥砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座在(zai)(zai)(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)自動找(zhao)平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆注砼梁(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨(mao)固鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)體相(xiang)連(lian)接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)視作現澆梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分進行澆注。為(wei)防止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間四周(zhou)空隙處，用紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)填設。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)時，再將填充物除去(qu)，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施工(gong)可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制梁橡(xiang)膠支座的安裝：

　　安(an)裝好(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)墊石(shi)頂面的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整使其(qi)同(tong)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面全部密貼(tie)，避免偏壓、脫(tuo)空、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施工順(shun)序如下：⑴、先(xian)按現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處(chu)理(li)好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸(chu)的(de)(de)底平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面應(ying)保證水(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整。若(ruo)有蜂(feng)窩或傾(qing)斜度應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水(shui)泥砂漿搗實、整平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)正確就位(wei)。先(xian)按現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設(she)計中(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱軸線應(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱軸線應(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)十字位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)線，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端(duan)立(li)面上(shang)(shang)標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)線的(de)(de)沿(yan)直(zhi)線;落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)吻合。以后(hou)數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)穩(wen)，防止(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓或產生(sheng)初始(shi)剪(jian)切(qie)變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間加設(she)比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土墊塊或厚鋼(gang)板作過(guo)渡，以免橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土墊塊或鋼(gang)板應(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環(huan)氧(yang)樹脂砂漿粘(zhan)結。