在橋梁工程施工中，三臺橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實三臺橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保三臺橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是三臺橡膠支座應用成功與否的關(guan)鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上(shang)分為普通板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)和四氟(fu)板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)。板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)從形(xing)狀上(shang)分為矩形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨(kua)徑(jing)小于(yu)30m、位(wei)(wei)移(yi)量較小的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁。不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平面形狀適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁結(jie)構：正交橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)座;曲(qu)線橋(qiao)、斜交橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)座;斜交橋(qiao)亦(yi)可用(yong)(yong)斜角(jiao)(平行四(si)邊(bian)形)支(zhi)座(它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與(yu)梁的(de)(de)(de)斜交角(jiao)相同(tong)(tong))，但這種支(zhi)座正在被圓(yuan)形支(zhi)座所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨(kua)徑(jing)、多(duo)跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)(ban)等結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)大位(wei)(wei)移(yi)量的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁。它(ta)還可用(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)梁頂推及T梁橫(heng)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)塊。矩形、圓(yuan)形四(si)氟板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別與(yu)普通板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支承(cheng)墊(dian)石的設(she)置：

　　為了(le)保證橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的施(shi)工(gong)質量，以及安裝、調整、觀(guan)察及更換支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的方便;不管(guan)是(shi)采用(yong)現(xian)澆梁(liang)還是(shi)預制(zhi)梁(liang)法施(shi)工(gong)，不管(guan)是(shi)安裝何種類(lei)型(xing)的板式橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺頂設置支(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)必要的。

　　在施(shi)工支承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)意幾點事項：⑴、支承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)平面尺(chi)寸大小(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)(du)與(yu)寬度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支座大10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)保證梁底到(dao)墩(dun)臺頂(ding)面有足夠的(de)(de)空間高(gao)度(du)(du)，用來安(an)放千(qian)斤頂(ding)，供支座調換使(shi)用。⑵、支承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布(bu)設鋼(gang)筋網片，豎向鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩(dun)臺內鋼(gang)筋相連接。澆注(zhu)(zhu)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)砼標號應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于C30號或不(bu)低(di)于設計(ji)標號，墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用水平尺(chi)校準(zhun)，力求(qiu)平整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面標高(gao)力求(qiu)準(zhun)確一(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)片梁的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支座的(de)(de)支承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處于同(tong)一(yi)平面內，以(yi)免(mian)發生偏壓，初始剪切與(yu)不(bu)均(jun)勻受(shou)力現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁安裝(zhuang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便(bian)。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)將墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面去除(chu)浮沙，表面應(ying)清潔(jie)、平(ping)整無油(you)(you)污(wu)。若墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的標高(gao)差(cha)距過大，可用水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按(an)設計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線，同時在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十字交叉中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線。將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放(fang)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線同墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)(wei)準確。⑶、同一(yi)片梁的兩個(ge)或(huo)四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處(chu)于同一(yi)平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便(bian)找平(ping)，可于澆(jiao)(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重力下(xia)自動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注砼梁體(ti)前，在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需(xu)加設一(yi)塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面稍(shao)大的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)，鋼板(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼筋(jin)與(yu)梁體(ti)相連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁模(mo)板(ban)的一(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注。為防止漏(lou)漿，可在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)四(si)周(zhou)空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲，油(you)(you)灰或(huo)軟(ruan)木(mu)板(ban)填(tian)設。以后在(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模(mo)板(ban)時，再將填(tian)充物除(chu)去，按(an)以上(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面同梁底鋼 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面全部(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁(liang)橡膠(jiao)支座的安裝(zhuang)：

　　安裝(zhuang)好(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可能(neng)地保(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)墊石頂面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使(shi)其同(tong)(tong)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面全部(bu)密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)、脫(tuo)空(kong)、不均(jun)勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)面應(ying)(ying)保(bao)證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)(ruo)有蜂窩或傾斜(xie)度應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用(yong)水泥砂漿搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確就位(wei)(wei)。先按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊石上(shang)(shang)按設計中(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)(wei)置就位(wei)(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相重合;板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相平(ping)(ping)行(xing)。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨(kua)板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)(shang)標出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相吻合。以后數跨(kua)可依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受(shou)壓(ya)或產生初始(shi)剪切(qie)變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加設比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大(da)的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝(ning)土墊塊(kuai)或厚鋼板(ban)(ban)作(zuo)過渡，以免(mian)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼筋混凝(ning)土墊塊(kuai)或鋼板(ban)(ban)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用(yong)環氧(yang)樹脂砂漿粘結。