在橋梁工程施工中，朔城橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實朔城橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保朔城橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是朔城橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功與(yu)否的關鍵(jian)所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分為普(pu)通板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座和四氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座。板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座從形(xing)狀上分為矩形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)于(yu)跨徑(jing)小(xiao)于(yu)30m、位移(yi)量(liang)(liang)較小(xiao)的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)平面形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)及圓柱墩(dun)橋(qiao)用(yong)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平行四(si)邊形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(它(ta)的(de)銳角(jiao)與(yu)梁(liang)的(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適用(yong)于(yu)大(da)跨徑(jing)、多(duo)跨連(lian)續(xu)、簡(jian)支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)等結構的(de)大(da)位移(yi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。它(ta)還可用(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)普通板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支承(cheng)墊石(shi)的(de)設置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)的施工質量，以及安裝、調整、觀察及更換支座(zuo)的方便;不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)采用(yong)現澆梁還是(shi)預制(zhi)梁法施工，不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)安裝何種(zhong)類(lei)型的板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)，在墩臺頂(ding)設(she)置支承墊石(shi)都是(shi)必要的。

　　在施工支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)注(zhu)意幾點(dian)事項：⑴、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的平(ping)面(mian)尺寸大(da)小應(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜，一般長度與(yu)寬度應(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座大(da)10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)度應(ying)大(da)于6cm，以(yi)保證梁底到墩臺頂(ding)面(mian)有足(zu)夠(gou)的空間高(gao)度，用(yong)(yong)來(lai)安放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)座調換使用(yong)(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內應(ying)布設鋼筋(jin)網片，豎向鋼筋(jin)應(ying)與(yu)墩臺內鋼筋(jin)相(xiang)連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的砼標號(hao)(hao)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)低于C30號(hao)(hao)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)低于設計標號(hao)(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)面(mian)應(ying)預先用(yong)(yong)水平(ping)尺校準，力(li)求(qiu)平(ping)整(zheng)而不(bu)(bu)光(guang)滑。⑶支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)標高(gao)力(li)求(qiu)準確一致。尤其是(shi)一片梁的兩個或(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)座的支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)應(ying)處于同一平(ping)面(mian)內，以(yi)免發(fa)生偏壓，初始(shi)剪切與(yu)不(bu)(bu)均勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)安(an)裝橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)較方便。施(shi)(shi)工順(shun)序如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)(jiang)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)去(qu)除浮沙，表面(mian)應清潔、平整(zheng)(zheng)無油污(wu)。若墩臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)標高差距過大(da)，可用(yong)水(shui)(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設(she)計圖標出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置中心(xin)(xin)(xin)線，同時(shi)在(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)標上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交(jiao)叉中心(xin)(xin)(xin)線。將(jiang)(jiang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)線同墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計位置中心(xin)(xin)(xin)相重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)就(jiu)位準確(que)。⑶、同一(yi)片梁(liang)(liang)的(de)兩(liang)個或(huo)四(si)(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)應處于(yu)同一(yi)平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方便找(zhao)平，可于(yu)澆(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂(tu)一(yi)層水(shui)(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)自動(dong)找(zhao)平。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)注(zhu)砼(tong)梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)前，在(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)平面(mian)稍(shao)大(da)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)相連接。將(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部分進(jin)行澆(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏漿(jiang)，可在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)之間(jian)四(si)(si)周(zhou)空隙處，用(yong)紗(sha)回絲，油灰或(huo)軟(ruan)木板(ban)(ban)填設(she)。以后(hou)在(zai)拆除模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)(jiang)填充物(wu)除去(qu)，按以上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)工可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)同梁(liang)(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)全部密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)：

　　安(an)裝好預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)(zai)于盡可(ke)能地(di)保(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)的(de)平(ping)行、平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)使其同橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)全部密(mi)貼，避免(mian)(mian)偏壓、脫空、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生(sheng)。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸(chu)的(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)面(mian)應(ying)保(bao)證水平(ping)與平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)。若有蜂窩(wo)或傾(qing)斜度(du)應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水泥(ni)砂漿搗實(shi)、整(zheng)(zheng)平(ping)。⑶橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正(zheng)確就位。先(xian)按現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位置就位。T型(xing)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)行。為(wei)(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十(shi)字位置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出(chu)兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)沿直線(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻合。以后數跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受壓或產生(sheng)初始剪(jian)切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊(dian)塊或厚(hou)鋼(gang)(gang)板作過渡，以免(mian)(mian)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局(ju)部超載、應(ying)力集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊(dian)塊或鋼(gang)(gang)板應(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用環(huan)氧樹脂砂漿粘(zhan)結。