在橋梁工程施工中，泗水橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實泗水橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保泗水橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是泗水橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功(gong)與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分(fen)為(wei)普(pu)通(tong)板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)和四氟板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)。板式(shi)(shi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)從形狀(zhuang)上分(fen)為(wei)矩形和圓(yuan)形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑(jing)小(xiao)于30m、位移(yi)(yi)量較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不同的(de)(de)平面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)于不同的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結(jie)構(gou)：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及圓柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);斜交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜角(平行四邊形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(它(ta)的(de)(de)銳(rui)角與(yu)梁(liang)的(de)(de)斜交(jiao)角相同)，但(dan)這種支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)正在被圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)所代替。四氟板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)于大(da)跨(kua)徑(jing)、多跨(kua)連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續板等結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)大(da)位移(yi)(yi)量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它(ta)還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續梁(liang)頂推(tui)及T梁(liang)橫移(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)四氟板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別與(yu)普通板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)相同。

　　二、支承墊石(shi)的設(she)置(zhi)：

　　為了保(bao)證橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的施工質(zhi)量，以及安裝(zhuang)、調整、觀察及更換支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的方便;不管(guan)是(shi)采用現澆梁(liang)還是(shi)預制(zhi)梁(liang)法施工，不管(guan)是(shi)安裝(zhuang)何種類型的板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)，在墩臺頂(ding)設置(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石都(dou)是(shi)必要的。

　　在(zai)施工(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石應(ying)注意幾點事(shi)項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石的(de)平面尺寸大小(xiao)應(ying)能(neng)承(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)(yi)般長度(du)(du)與寬度(du)(du)應(ying)比橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石高度(du)(du)應(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)保(bao)證梁底(di)到墩(dun)(dun)臺頂(ding)面有足(zu)夠的(de)空(kong)間高度(du)(du)，用(yong)來安(an)放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座調換使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石內應(ying)布設鋼筋網片，豎向鋼筋應(ying)與墩(dun)(dun)臺內鋼筋相連(lian)接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石的(de)砼標(biao)號(hao)應(ying)不(bu)低(di)于C30號(hao)或不(bu)低(di)于設計標(biao)號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石砼頂(ding)面應(ying)預先用(yong)水平尺校(xiao)準(zhun)，力求(qiu)平整而不(bu)光(guang)滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面標(biao)高力求(qiu)準(zhun)確一(yi)(yi)致。尤其(qi)是一(yi)(yi)片梁的(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面應(ying)處于同一(yi)(yi)平面內，以(yi)免(mian)發(fa)生偏壓，初始剪切(qie)與不(bu)均勻(yun)受力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆梁(liang)安裝橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座較(jiao)方便(bian)。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)墩(dun)(dun)臺墊(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)去除(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應清潔、平(ping)整無油(you)污。若墩(dun)(dun)臺墊(dian)石的(de)標(biao)(biao)高差距過大，可(ke)用水泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石上(shang)按設計(ji)圖標(biao)(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)座位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)也標(biao)(biao)上(shang)十(shi)字(zi)交(jiao)叉(cha)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座安放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座墊(dian)石上(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)同(tong)墩(dun)(dun)臺上(shang)設計(ji)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)相重(zhong)(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)座就位(wei)準確(que)。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)座應處(chu)于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)，為(wei) 方便(bian)找平(ping)，可(ke)于(yu)澆注(zhu)前在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座與墊(dian)石間鋪涂一(yi)層水泥砂漿(jiang)(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)力下自動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆注(zhu)砼(tong)梁(liang)體前，在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)需(xu)加設一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)座平(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)，鋼板(ban)上(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼筋與梁(liang)體相連接。將(jiang)此(ci)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)視作(zuo)現(xian)澆梁(liang)模板(ban)的(de)一(yi)部分進行澆注(zhu)。為(wei)防止漏漿(jiang)(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)之間四周空隙(xi)處(chu)，用紗回絲，油(you)灰或軟木板(ban)填設。以后在(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)時，再將(jiang)填充物除(chu)去，按以上(shang)施工可(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)座上(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)底鋼 板(ban)、墊(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)全部密貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好(hao)(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可能地(di)保(bao)(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)(yu)墊石(shi)(shi)頂面的(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使(shi)其同(tong)(tong)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)面全部密貼，避免(mian)偏壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石(shi)(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)面應保(bao)(bao)證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂窩或(huo)傾斜(xie)度應預(yu)先(xian)用水泥砂(sha)漿搗實(shi)、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正(zheng)確就(jiu)位(wei)。先(xian)按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊石(shi)(shi)上(shang)按設計中(zhong)心位(wei)置就(jiu)位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線應同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線相重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線應與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線相平(ping)(ping)行。為(wei)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)架 跨(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)(hao)兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)置中(zhong)心線，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)標出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)心線的(de)沿直線;落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)的(de)位(wei)置中(zhong)心線相吻合。以后數跨(kua)可依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應平(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心受壓或(huo)產生初始(shi)剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之(zhi)間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋混凝土(tu)墊塊或(huo)厚鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)作(zuo)過渡，以免(mian)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部超(chao)載、應力集中(zhong)。該(gai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋混凝土(tu)墊塊或(huo)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)應同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環氧樹脂砂(sha)漿粘(zhan)結(jie)。