在橋梁工程施工中，太倉橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實太倉橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保太倉橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是太倉橡膠支座應用成功與否的(de)關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分為普通板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座和(he)四(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座。板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座從形狀上分為矩形和(he)圓(yuan)形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)用于跨(kua)徑小(xiao)于30m、位(wei)移量較小(xiao)的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不同的(de)平面形(xing)(xing)狀適(shi)用于不同的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構(gou)：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及圓柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用圓形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座;斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦(yi)可(ke)用斜(xie)(xie)角(jiao)(平行四(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(它的(de)銳(rui)角(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同)，但這(zhe)種支(zhi)(zhi)座正在被(bei)圓形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座所代替(ti)。四(si)氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座多適(shi)用于大跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連續(xu)板(ban)(ban)等(deng)結構(gou)的(de)大位(wei)移量的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它還(huan)可(ke)用作連續(xu)梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)四(si)氟(fu)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)應(ying)用分(fen)別與普通板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座相(xiang)同。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)施工(gong)質量(liang)，以及安裝、調整、觀察及更(geng)換支座的(de)方便;不管是(shi)采用現澆梁(liang)還是(shi)預制梁(liang)法施工(gong)，不管是(shi)安裝何種類型的(de)板式橡膠(jiao)支座，在墩臺(tai)頂(ding)設(she)置(zhi)支承墊石都是(shi)必(bi)要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)平面(mian)(mian)尺寸大(da)(da)(da)小應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜，一般長度與寬度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)石(shi)高度應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)大(da)(da)(da)于6cm，以保證梁底到墩臺頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)空間高度，用(yong)來(lai)安放千(qian)斤(jin)頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調換使(shi)用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)內(nei)(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋網片，豎向(xiang)鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)(nei)鋼(gang)筋相連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)砼(tong)(tong)標號(hao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于C30號(hao)或不(bu)低(di)于設計標號(hao)，墊(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)(tong)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用(yong)水平尺校準(zhun)，力(li)求平整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標高力(li)求準(zhun)確一致。尤其是一片梁的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)處(chu)于同一平面(mian)(mian)內(nei)(nei)，以免發生偏壓，初始剪切與不(bu)均勻受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)裝(zhuang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方便(bian)。施工(gong)順(shun)序(xu)如下(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石頂面(mian)去除(chu)浮(fu)沙，表面(mian)應(ying)清潔、平整無油污。若墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石的(de)標高差距過(guo)大，可(ke)用(yong)水泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)(she)計圖標出(chu)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中心(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)線(xian)同(tong)(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)計位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)相重(zhong)合(he)，支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一片梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)兩個或(huo)四個支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處于同(tong)(tong)一平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方便(bian)找平，可(ke)于澆(jiao)注(zhu)前(qian)在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石間鋪涂一層水泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)(jiang)，讓支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重(zhong)力(li)下(xia)自動找平。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需(xu)加設(she)(she)一塊比支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼筋與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)體相連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)視作(zuo)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)一部(bu)(bu)分進行(xing)澆(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏漿(jiang)(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間四周空(kong)隙處，用(yong)紗(sha)回絲(si)，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)填設(she)(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)填充物除(chu)去，按(an)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)施工(gong)可(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)面(mian)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底鋼 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石頂面(mian)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁(liang)橡膠支座的(de)安裝(zhuang)：

　　安裝好預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡(jin)可(ke)能地保證梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)與(yu)墊石頂(ding)面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面全部密貼，避免偏(pian)壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石。⑵、預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)面應保證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若(ruo)有蜂窩或(huo)傾(qing)斜度應預先(xian)用水泥砂(sha)漿搗實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就位。先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩臺(tai)(tai)墊石上(shang)(shang)按設(she)計中(zhong)心(xin)位置就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)應同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合(he);板梁(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)(zong)軸(zhou)線(xian)應與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行。為(wei)落梁(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)(zai)架(jia) 跨板梁(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)劃好兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)(shang)標出兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)直線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)同(tong)墩臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻合(he)。以后數跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)應平(ping)(ping)穩(wen)，防(fang)止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心(xin)受壓或(huo)產生初始剪切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)之間加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)厚鋼(gang)板作(zuo)過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載(zai)、應力集中(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)鋼(gang)板應同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)用環(huan)氧樹脂砂(sha)漿粘結。