在橋梁工程施工中，通海橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實通海橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保通海橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是通海橡膠支座應(ying)用成功與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分(fen)為普通板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)和(he)四氟(fu)板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)。板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)從形狀上分(fen)為矩形和(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑(jing)小于30m、位移(yi)(yi)量較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平面形(xing)(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結(jie)構：正交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦(yi)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平行四(si)(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)(de)(de)(de)銳(rui)角(jiao)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交角(jiao)相同(tong)(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)正在被(bei)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)所代替(ti)。四(si)(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于大(da)跨(kua)徑(jing)、多(duo)跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)、簡(jian)支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)板(ban)等結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)位移(yi)(yi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還(huan)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)(xu)梁(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)四(si)(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)普通板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支(zhi)承墊石的設置：

　　為了(le)保證(zheng)橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)施(shi)工質(zhi)量(liang)，以及(ji)安(an)裝、調整、觀察(cha)及(ji)更換支座的(de)方(fang)便;不(bu)管(guan)是采(cai)用現澆梁(liang)(liang)還是預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)法施(shi)工，不(bu)管(guan)是安(an)裝何種類型的(de)板式橡膠(jiao)支座，在墩臺(tai)頂設(she)置支承墊(dian)石都是必(bi)要的(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)幾點事項(xiang)：⑴、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的平(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷(he)載為宜，一(yi)(yi)般長度與寬(kuan)度應(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)大10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高(gao)度應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以(yi)保證梁底到墩臺(tai)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠的空間(jian)高(gao)度，用來安放千斤頂(ding)(ding)，供(gong)支座(zuo)(zuo)調換使用。⑵、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)網片，豎向鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)應(ying)(ying)與墩臺(tai)內鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)相連(lian)接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的砼標(biao)(biao)號(hao)應(ying)(ying)不低于(yu)C30號(hao)或不低于(yu)設(she)計標(biao)(biao)號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預先用水平(ping)尺校準(zhun)，力求(qiu)平(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)(biao)高(gao)力求(qiu)準(zhun)確(que)一(yi)(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)(yi)片梁的兩(liang)個或四(si)個支座(zuo)(zuo)的支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)內，以(yi)免發生偏(pian)壓(ya)，初始剪切(qie)與不均(jun)勻受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆梁(liang)安(an)裝橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)(fang)便。施工順序如下：⑴、先將墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)去除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應清潔、平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)無(wu)油污。若墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)標(biao)高差距過大，可用水泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中心線(xian)(xian)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時在橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉(cha)中心線(xian)(xian)。將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心線(xian)(xian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)置中心相(xiang)重合，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位(wei)準(zhun)確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)于同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)(fang)便找平(ping)(ping)，可于澆注前在橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)(yi)層水泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在重力下自(zi)動找平(ping)(ping)。⑷在澆注砼(tong)梁(liang)體(ti)前，在橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)(yi)塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板，鋼(gang)板上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼(gang)筋與(yu)梁(liang)體(ti)相(xiang)連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板視作現澆梁(liang)模板的(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分進行澆注。為防止漏漿(jiang)，可在支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板之間(jian)四(si)周空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟(ruan)木板填設。以(yi)后在拆除模板時，再將填充物除去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang) 板、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)全(quan)部(bu)密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁(liang)橡膠支(zhi)座的安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在于盡可能地保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與墊石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)、平(ping)整(zheng)使其同(tong)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼，避免(mian)偏壓、脫(tuo)空、不均(jun)勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工順序(xu)如(ru)下：⑴、先(xian)(xian)按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)應保證(zheng)水平(ping)與平(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩(wo)或(huo)傾斜度應預(yu)先(xian)(xian)用水泥砂漿搗(dao)實、整(zheng)平(ping)。⑶橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就(jiu)位。先(xian)(xian)按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在墩臺墊石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位置(zhi)就(jiu)位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)重(zhong)合(he);板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確(que)，在架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃(hua)好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)標(biao)出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)吻合(he)。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基(ji)準(zhun)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應平(ping)穩(wen)，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓或(huo)產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間加設(she)(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)厚鋼板作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超載、應力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或(huo)鋼板應同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環氧樹脂(zhi)砂漿粘結。