在橋梁工程施工中，營山橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實營山橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保營山橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是營山橡膠支座應用成功(gong)與否的(de)關鍵所在(zai)。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構(gou)上分為普(pu)通板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)和四氟板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)。板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)從形狀上分為矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)跨(kua)(kua)徑小于(yu)(yu)(yu)30m、位移(yi)量較小的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同的(de)平面形(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不同的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結構：正交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(平行四(si)邊形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)銳角與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)角相同)，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)跨(kua)(kua)徑、多(duo)跨(kua)(kua)連續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)連續板(ban)等結構的(de)大(da)位移(yi)量的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。它還(huan)可用(yong)(yong)作連續梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)普通板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同。

　　二(er)、支承墊石(shi)的設置：

　　為了(le)保證橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)施工質量，以及安裝、調整(zheng)、觀察(cha)及更(geng)換支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)方便;不管是(shi)(shi)采用現澆(jiao)梁(liang)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)預制梁(liang)法施工，不管是(shi)(shi)安裝何種類(lei)型的(de)板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)，在墩(dun)臺(tai)頂設置支(zhi)承墊石都(dou)是(shi)(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾(ji)點(dian)事項：⑴、支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸大小(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)能(neng)承受上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)保證(zheng)梁底到墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)空間高度(du)，用來安放千(qian)斤頂(ding)(ding)，供(gong)支(zhi)座調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋網片(pian)，豎向(xiang)鋼筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺內鋼筋相連(lian)接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)砼標號應(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于C30號或不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于設計標號，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用水平(ping)尺(chi)校準，力(li)求平(ping)整而不(bu)(bu)(bu)光(guang)滑(hua)。⑶支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)標高力(li)求準確一(yi)致。尤其(qi)是一(yi)片(pian)梁的(de)(de)(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)處于同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)內，以(yi)免發生偏壓，初始剪切與不(bu)(bu)(bu)均勻受力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆梁(liang)安(an)裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)較方便(bian)(bian)。施工順序如下：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)去(qu)除(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應清潔、平(ping)(ping)整無(wu)油污。若墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)高(gao)差(cha)距過大(da)，可用水泥砂(sha)(sha)漿(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設(she)計圖標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)安(an)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計位置中(zhong)心(xin)相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)就位準確(que)。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)應處(chu)于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方便(bian)(bian)找平(ping)(ping)，可于(yu)澆注(zhu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)(yi)層水泥砂(sha)(sha)漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重力(li)下自動(dong)找平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆注(zhu)砼梁(liang)體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)(yi)塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)，鋼板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼筋與(yu)梁(liang)體相連接(jie)。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)視作現(xian)澆梁(liang)模板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分進(jin)行澆注(zhu)。為防(fang)止漏(lou)漿(jiang)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)之間四周空(kong)隙處(chu)，用紗回絲(si)，油灰(hui)或軟(ruan)木板(ban)填設(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)填充物除(chu)去(qu)，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)底鋼 板(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)全部密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可(ke)能地(di)保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)與墊石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行、平(ping)整(zheng)使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)全部密(mi)貼，避免(mian)(mian)偏壓、脫空(kong)、不均勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施工(gong)順序如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先按(an)現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)(shi)。⑵、預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)(di)平(ping)面(mian)應(ying)保證水平(ping)與平(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩(wo)或傾斜(xie)度應(ying)預先用水泥砂漿搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就(jiu)位(wei)。先按(an)現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊石(shi)(shi)上(shang)按(an)設計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)置就(jiu)位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線應(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相重(zhong)合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線應(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相平(ping)行。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架 跨(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)劃好(hao)兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端(duan)立面(mian)上(shang)標出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線的(de)(de)(de)沿直線;落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)墩臺上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相吻(wen)合。以(yi)后數跨(kua)可(ke)依(yi) 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓或產(chan)生(sheng)初始(shi)剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或厚鋼板(ban)作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)(mian)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼筋混(hun)凝土墊塊或鋼板(ban)應(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)(di)用環氧樹(shu)脂砂漿粘結。