在橋梁工程施工中，棗強橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實棗強橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保棗強橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是棗強橡膠支座應用成功(gong)與否(fou)的關鍵(jian)所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上分為普通板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座和四氟(fu)板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座。板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座從形(xing)狀上分為矩形(xing)和圓(yuan)形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)跨(kua)徑小于(yu)(yu)(yu)30m、位移(yi)量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)平(ping)面形狀(zhuang)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構(gou)：正(zheng)交橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲(qu)線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱(zhu)墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜角(平(ping)行(xing)四邊形)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角與梁(liang)的(de)(de)斜交角相(xiang)同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正(zheng)在被(bei)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟(fu)板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)等結構(gou)的(de)(de)大位移(yi)量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形、圓(yuan)形四氟(fu)板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普(pu)通板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支(zhi)承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)施工質量，以(yi)及(ji)安(an)裝(zhuang)、調整、觀(guan)察(cha)及(ji)更(geng)換支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)方(fang)便;不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)采用現澆(jiao)梁還是(shi)預制梁法施工，不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)安(an)裝(zhuang)何種類型的(de)(de)板式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺頂(ding)設置支(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)尺寸(cun)大小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷載為宜(yi)，一般(ban)長度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)度(du)應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以(yi)保(bao)證梁(liang)底(di)到墩(dun)臺頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有足夠的(de)空間(jian)高(gao)度(du)，用來安放千斤頂，供支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)調換使(shi)用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼筋網(wang)片(pian)，豎向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)與墩(dun)臺內(nei)鋼筋相連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)砼標號(hao)(hao)應(ying)(ying)不低于(yu)C30號(hao)(hao)或不低于(yu)設(she)計標號(hao)(hao)，墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用水平(ping)尺校準，力(li)求(qiu)平(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)標高(gao)力(li)求(qiu)準確一致(zhi)。尤其是(shi)一片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)免發生偏壓，初(chu)始剪切與不均勻受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)安裝橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)較方便(bian)。施工順序如下：⑴、先將(jiang)墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)去除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)清潔、平(ping)整(zheng)無(wu)油污。若墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)高差(cha)距過(guo)大，可(ke)(ke)用水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖標(biao)(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)線，同時在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標(biao)(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中(zhong)心(xin)線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)安放在支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心(xin)線同墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)相重(zhong)(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)就位準確。⑶、同一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四(si)(si)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)應(ying)(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方便(bian)找(zhao)平(ping)，可(ke)(ke)于澆(jiao)注前在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在重(zhong)(zhong)力下自(zi)動找(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體前，在橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加(jia)設一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與(yu)梁(liang)體相連(lian)接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分進(jin)行澆(jiao)注。為防止漏(lou)漿(jiang)，可(ke)(ke)在支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)之間四(si)(si)周空隙處，用紗(sha)回絲(si)，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)填設。以后在拆除模板(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)填充物除去，按以上(shang)(shang)(shang)施工可(ke)(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)(bu)密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制梁(liang)橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安(an)裝好預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)于盡(jin)可(ke)能地保(bao)證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與墊(dian)石頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)整使其同(tong)(tong)(tong)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下面(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼，避免偏壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。施工順序如下：⑴、先按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應保(bao)證(zheng)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)與平(ping)(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂(feng)窩或(huo)傾斜(xie)度應預(yu)先用(yong)水泥砂漿搗實、整平(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就位(wei)。先按現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊(dian)石上按設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心位(wei)置就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)應同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)相重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)應與支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)相平(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)架 跨(kua)板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上標(biao)出兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian)(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩臺上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)相吻(wen)合。以(yi)(yi)后(hou)數(shu)跨(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)應平(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心受壓或(huo)產生初(chu)始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間加設比(bi)(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)墊(dian)塊(kuai)或(huo)厚鋼(gang)板作(zuo)過渡，以(yi)(yi)免橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超載(zai)、應力(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該(gai)鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)墊(dian)塊(kuai)或(huo)鋼(gang)板應同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用(yong)環氧樹脂(zhi)砂漿粘結。