在橋梁工程施工中，豐城橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實豐城橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保豐城橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是豐城橡膠支座應用成(cheng)功與(yu)否的關(guan)鍵所在(zai)。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分為(wei)普通板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)和四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)。板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)從形狀上分為(wei)矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨(kua)(kua)徑(jing)小(xiao)于(yu)30m、位移量(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)形狀適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)座;曲線(xian)橋、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋及(ji)圓柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)圓形支(zhi)座;斜(xie)交(jiao)橋亦(yi)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平(ping)行(xing)四(si)邊(bian)形)支(zhi)座(它(ta)的(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角(jiao)相同(tong)(tong))，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)座正在被圓形支(zhi)座所代(dai)替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨(kua)(kua)徑(jing)、多跨(kua)(kua)連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板(ban)等(deng)結構的(de)(de)大位移量(liang)的(de)(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。它(ta)還(huan)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)頂推及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)橫移的(de)(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形、圓形四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普通(tong)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)的施工(gong)質量，以及(ji)安裝、調整、觀察及(ji)更換支(zhi)座(zuo)的方便;不管是(shi)采用現(xian)澆梁還是(shi)預(yu)制(zhi)梁法(fa)施工(gong)，不管是(shi)安裝何種類型的板式(shi)橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)，在墩(dun)臺頂設(she)置支(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)必要的。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)注意幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的平面(mian)尺寸大(da)小應(ying)能(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)受上部(bu)構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般(ban)長度與(yu)寬度應(ying)比(bi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座大(da)10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度應(ying)大(da)于(yu)6cm，以(yi)保證(zheng)梁(liang)底到墩(dun)臺頂面(mian)有足夠的空間高度，用來安放千斤頂，供支(zhi)(zhi)座調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)布設(she)鋼(gang)筋(jin)網片，豎向(xiang)鋼(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)與(yu)墩(dun)臺內鋼(gang)筋(jin)相(xiang)連接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的砼標號(hao)(hao)應(ying)不低(di)于(yu)C30號(hao)(hao)或不低(di)于(yu)設(she)計標號(hao)(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂面(mian)應(ying)預先用水平尺校準，力(li)求(qiu)平整而(er)不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)標高力(li)求(qiu)準確一(yi)致(zhi)。尤其是(shi)一(yi)片梁(liang)的兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)座的支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)應(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)平面(mian)內，以(yi)免發(fa)生(sheng)偏(pian)壓，初始剪切與(yu)不均勻(yun)受力(li)現象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現(xian)澆梁(liang)安(an)裝橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便(bian)。施工(gong)順序如下(xia)：⑴、先將墩臺(tai)墊石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去除浮(fu)沙(sha)，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)清潔、平整無油污。若墩臺(tai)墊石(shi)(shi)的(de)標高差距過大，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)，同時在(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)標上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中心(xin)線(xian)。將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)線(xian)同墩臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)置(zhi)中心(xin)相(xiang)重合，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位(wei)準確。⑶、同一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)(ying)處(chu)于同一(yi)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便(bian)找(zhao)平，可(ke)于澆注前在(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊石(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重力下(xia)自動找(zhao)平。⑷在(zai)澆注砼梁(liang)體(ti)(ti)前，在(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與(yu)梁(liang)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)連(lian)接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)視作現(xian)澆梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部分進行澆注。為防止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)四(si)周空隙(xi)處(chu)，用(yong)(yong)紗回絲(si)，油灰或軟(ruan)木板(ban)(ban)填設。以后在(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)時，再將填充物除去，按以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施工(gong)可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)同梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang) 板(ban)(ban)、墊石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全(quan)部密貼(tie)。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石頂面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上下面全(quan)部(bu)(bu)密貼，避免偏壓、脫(tuo)空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工(gong)順序(xu)如下：⑴、先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底平(ping)面應(ying)保證水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)平(ping)整。若有蜂(feng)窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜(xie)度應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水(shui)泥(ni)砂(sha)漿搗實、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就(jiu)位(wei)。先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石上按設計(ji)中心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)字位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上標(biao)出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩(dun)臺上的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻合。以后數(shu)跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)受(shou)壓或(huo)(huo)產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間加(jia)設比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)作過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)(bu)超載、應(ying)力集中。該鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)應(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環氧樹脂砂(sha)漿粘結。