在橋梁工程施工中，黃巖橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實黃巖橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保黃巖橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是黃巖橡膠支座應用成功與否的關鍵(jian)所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上分(fen)(fen)為(wei)普通板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座和(he)(he)四(si)氟板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座。板(ban)式(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座從形狀(zhuang)上分(fen)(fen)為(wei)矩(ju)形和(he)(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)跨徑小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)30m、位(wei)移量(liang)較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)不同的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平(ping)行四邊(bian)形(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同)，但這種支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)所代(dai)替。四氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)大(da)跨徑、多(duo)跨連續(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連續(xu)板(ban)等結構的(de)(de)(de)大(da)位(wei)移量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作連續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)四氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)分別與普通板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)同。

　　二、支(zhi)承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠(jiao)支座(zuo)(zuo)的施(shi)工質(zhi)量，以及(ji)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、調(diao)整(zheng)、觀察及(ji)更換支座(zuo)(zuo)的方便;不管是采用現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)還是預制梁(liang)(liang)法施(shi)工，不管是安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)何種類型的板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支座(zuo)(zuo)，在墩臺頂設置(zhi)支承墊石都是必要的。

　　在(zai)施工支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)平(ping)面尺寸(cun)大(da)小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上部(bu)構造荷(he)載為宜，一般長度與寬度應(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)大(da)10cm左右。墊(dian)石(shi)高(gao)度應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)6cm，以(yi)保證梁底(di)到墩(dun)臺頂(ding)(ding)面有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)空間高(gao)度，用(yong)來安放千(qian)斤頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)調換使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)內應(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋網片，豎向鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)與墩(dun)臺內鋼(gang)筋相連(lian)接。澆注墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)砼標(biao)號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)C30號或不(bu)低于(yu)設計標(biao)號，墊(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)(ying)預先用(yong)水平(ping)尺校準，力求(qiu)平(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面標(biao)高(gao)力求(qiu)準確一致(zhi)。尤其是一片梁的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同(tong)一平(ping)面內，以(yi)免發生偏壓，初始剪(jian)切與不(bu)均勻受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)安裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施(shi)工順序如下：⑴、先將墩臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)去除浮沙，表(biao)面(mian)應清潔(jie)、平整無油(you)污。若墩臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)的標高差(cha)距過大(da)，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)(jiang)調(diao)整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心線，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中(zhong)(zhong)心線。將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的中(zhong)(zhong)心線同(tong)(tong)墩臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)(wei)準(zhun)確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)(liang)的兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便找平，可(ke)(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前(qian)在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)墊(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重力下自動找平。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)稍大(da)的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊錨(mao)固鋼(gang)筋與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)體相連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)模板(ban)的一(yi)部分進行澆(jiao)注。為(wei)防止漏(lou)漿(jiang)(jiang)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)之間(jian)四周空隙(xi)處(chu)，用(yong)紗回絲，油(you)灰或軟(ruan)木板(ban)填設。以(yi)后在(zai)拆(chai)除模板(ban)時，再將填充物除去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)鋼(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)全部密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安(an)(an)裝好(hao)預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡(jin)可能地保(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)(yu)(yu)墊(dian)石頂面(mian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整使(shi)其同(tong)(tong)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下(xia)面(mian)全(quan)部密貼，避(bi)免偏(pian)壓(ya)(ya)、脫空、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生。施(shi)工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先按(an)現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸(chu)的(de)底平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)保(bao)證水平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先用水泥砂(sha)漿(jiang)搗實、整平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正(zheng)確就位(wei)(wei)。先按(an)現(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩臺墊(dian)石上按(an)設計中(zhong)心位(wei)(wei)置就位(wei)(wei)。T型(xing)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線(xian)相重合(he)(he);板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線(xian)相平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)上標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心線(xian)的(de)沿直線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)墩臺上的(de)位(wei)(wei)置中(zhong)心線(xian)相吻合(he)(he)。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心受壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)(huo)產生初始(shi)剪(jian)切變(bian)形(xing)。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)(an)放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼板(ban)作過渡，以(yi)免橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超(chao)載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼筋(jin)混凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼板(ban)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)砂(sha)漿(jiang)粘(zhan)結。