在橋梁工程施工中，臨洮橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實臨洮橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保臨洮橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是臨洮橡膠支座應(ying)用成功與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結構(gou)上分(fen)為普(pu)通板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)和四氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)。板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)從(cong)形(xing)狀上分(fen)為矩(ju)形(xing)和圓形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑小于30m、位移量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面形狀適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)結構：正交橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜交橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜角(jiao)(jiao)(平(ping)(ping)行(xing)四邊形)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角(jiao)(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜交角(jiao)(jiao)相同(tong))，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在被(bei)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于大跨(kua)徑、多(duo)跨(kua)連續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)連續板(ban)(ban)等結構的(de)(de)大位移量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。它還可用(yong)(yong)(yong)作連續梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)頂(ding)推及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橫移的(de)(de)滑塊。矩形、圓(yuan)形四氟板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)分別與普通(tong)板(ban)(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保(bao)證(zheng)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座的施(shi)工質(zhi)量，以及(ji)安裝、調整、觀察及(ji)更換支(zhi)(zhi)座的方(fang)便;不管是(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)現澆梁還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)預制梁法施(shi)工，不管是(shi)(shi)(shi)安裝何種(zhong)類(lei)型的板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座，在墩臺頂設置支(zhi)(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)(shi)(shi)必要(yao)的。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)注意幾點事(shi)項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的平(ping)(ping)面尺(chi)寸大小(xiao)應(ying)能承受上部構造荷載為宜，一般長度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高度(du)應(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保證(zheng)梁底(di)到墩(dun)臺頂(ding)(ding)面有足夠(gou)的空間(jian)高度(du)，用來安(an)放千斤頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)應(ying)布(bu)設鋼(gang)筋網片(pian)，豎向鋼(gang)筋應(ying)與墩(dun)臺內(nei)(nei)鋼(gang)筋相(xiang)連接。澆注墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的砼標號應(ying)不低(di)于(yu)C30號或(huo)不低(di)于(yu)設計標號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水平(ping)(ping)尺(chi)校準(zhun)，力求(qiu)平(ping)(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面標高力求(qiu)準(zhun)確(que)一致。尤其是一片(pian)梁的兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面應(ying)處于(yu)同一平(ping)(ping)面內(nei)(nei)，以免發生偏壓，初始剪切與不均勻受力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁安裝橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施(shi)工順(shun)序如下：⑴、先(xian)將墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)去除(chu)浮沙(sha)，表面(mian)(mian)應清潔(jie)、平(ping)(ping)整無(wu)油污。若(ruo)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的標高(gao)差距過大(da)，可用水泥砂漿調(diao)整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位置(zhi)中心線，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字(zi)交叉中心線。將橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放(fang)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的中心線同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計(ji)(ji)位置(zhi)中心相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位準確(que)。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁的兩個或(huo)四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便找平(ping)(ping)，可于(yu)澆(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)層(ceng)水泥砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重力下自動找平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁體(ti)(ti)前，在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍(shao)大(da)的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)，鋼板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼筋與梁體(ti)(ti)相連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁模板(ban)的一(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)注(zhu)。為(wei)防(fang)止漏(lou)漿，可在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)之間四周(zhou)空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲(si)，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)填(tian)設(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)拆(chai)除(chu)模板(ban)時(shi)，再將填(tian)充物除(chu)去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁底鋼 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼。

　　四(si)、預制梁橡膠(jiao)支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與墊石(shi)頂面(mian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼，避(bi)免偏(pian)壓、脫空(kong)、不均勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)發生。施工順序如(ru)下：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)保證水平(ping)(ping)(ping)與平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩或(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水泥砂漿搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正確就位(wei)(wei)。先(xian)按現(xian)(xian)澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計中心位(wei)(wei)置就位(wei)(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心線(xian)相重合(he);板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中心線(xian)相平(ping)(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架(jia) 跨板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字位(wei)(wei)置中心線(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端立(li)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置中心線(xian)的(de)沿直(zhi)線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)位(wei)(wei)置中心線(xian)相吻合(he)。以后(hou)數(shu)跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心受壓或(huo)產生初(chu)始(shi)剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之間(jian)加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)筋混凝土墊塊或(huo)厚鋼(gang)板(ban)作(zuo)過渡，以免橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超(chao)載、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力集(ji)中。該鋼(gang)筋混凝土墊塊或(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)應(ying)(ying)(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環氧樹脂砂漿粘結。