在橋梁工程施工中，離石橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實離石橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保離石橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是離石橡膠支座應用(yong)成功與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上(shang)分為普通板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座和四氟板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座。板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座從形狀上(shang)分為矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)跨(kua)徑小(xiao)于(yu)30m、位(wei)(wei)移(yi)量較小(xiao)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)平面形(xing)(xing)狀適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結(jie)構(gou)：正交橋(qiao)用(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)斜(xie)角(平行四(si)(si)邊形(xing)(xing))支座(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳(rui)角與梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)交角相(xiang)同(tong))，但這(zhe)種支座(zuo)(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo)所(suo)代替(ti)。四(si)(si)氟板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)多適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)大(da)跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連(lian)續、簡支梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板等結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)大(da)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還(huan)可用(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)四(si)(si)氟板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)分(fen)別(bie)與普通(tong)板式(shi)橡膠支座(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)的(de)設置：

　　為了保(bao)證(zheng)橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)的(de)施工(gong)質量，以及安(an)裝(zhuang)、調整、觀察及更換支座(zuo)的(de)方(fang)便;不管是(shi)采(cai)用現澆梁還是(shi)預制梁法(fa)施工(gong)，不管是(shi)安(an)裝(zhuang)何(he)種類型的(de)板式(shi)橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)，在墩臺頂設(she)置支承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)注意幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷(he)載為宜(yi)，一(yi)般長度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高(gao)(gao)度(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保證梁(liang)底到(dao)墩臺頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠(gou)的(de)空間高(gao)(gao)度(du)，用來安(an)放千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調換使用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋網(wang)片，豎向鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)(nei)鋼(gang)筋相連接(jie)。澆注墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)砼標(biao)號(hao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于(yu)C30號(hao)或不(bu)低(di)于(yu)設計標(biao)號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水(shui)平(ping)尺校準(zhun)，力(li)(li)求平(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高(gao)(gao)力(li)(li)求準(zhun)確一(yi)致。尤其(qi)是(shi)一(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)內(nei)(nei)，以免(mian)發生偏壓，初始剪(jian)切與不(bu)均勻受力(li)(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁安(an)裝橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施工(gong)順序如(ru)下(xia)(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去除(chu)浮(fu)沙，表面(mian)(mian)(mian)應清潔、平整(zheng)無油污。若墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)標高差距(ju)過大，可用(yong)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設(she)(she)計(ji)圖(tu)標出支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線，同(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十(shi)字交(jiao)叉(cha)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線。將橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)計(ji)位置(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)相重(zhong)合(he)，支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于同(tong)一(yi)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為 方便找(zhao)平，可于澆(jiao)注前在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)間鋪涂(tu)一(yi)層(ceng)水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)(xia)自動找(zhao)平。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加(jia)設(she)(she)一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼筋與(yu)梁體相連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁模板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分進行澆(jiao)注。為防(fang)止漏漿(jiang)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間四周(zhou)空隙(xi)處，用(yong)紗回(hui)絲，油灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)填(tian)設(she)(she)。以后在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)時，再將填(tian)充物除(chu)去，按以上(shang)(shang)施工(gong)可使支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)同(tong)梁底(di)鋼 板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全部(bu)(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座的安裝：

　　安裝好預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可(ke)能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)(yu)墊(dian)石頂(ding)面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行、平(ping)整使其同橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上下(xia)(xia)面全部(bu)密貼，避免偏壓(ya)、脫空、不(bu)均勻(yun)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施工順序如(ru)下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底平(ping)面應(ying)(ying)(ying)保證水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)整。若(ruo)有蜂(feng)窩或傾斜度應(ying)(ying)(ying)預(yu)(yu)先用(yong)水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿搗實、整平(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就位(wei)。先按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩臺墊(dian)石上按設計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相平(ping)行。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)(zai)架(jia) 跨(kua)板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩臺上的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相吻合。以后數跨(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受壓(ya)或產生(sheng)初(chu)始剪切變(bian)形(xing)。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大(da)的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊或厚鋼板作過渡，以免橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該(gai)鋼筋混(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊或鋼板應(ying)(ying)(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用(yong)環氧(yang)樹脂砂(sha)漿粘結。