在橋梁工程施工中，龍安橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實龍安橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保龍安橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是龍安橡膠支座應用成功與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結構上分為普通板式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座和四氟板式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座。板式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座從(cong)形狀上分為矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)用(yong)于跨徑(jing)小于30m、位移量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)于不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結(jie)構：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)斜(xie)(xie)角(平(ping)行四(si)邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)角相(xiang)同(tong)(tong))，但這種支(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)多適(shi)用(yong)于大跨徑(jing)、多跨連(lian)續、簡(jian)支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板(ban)等結(jie)構的(de)(de)大位移量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還(huan)可用(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)橫移的(de)(de)滑(hua)塊。矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)普(pu)通板(ban)式橡膠支(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了(le)保證橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的施工質(zhi)量，以及(ji)(ji)安裝、調(diao)整、觀(guan)察及(ji)(ji)更換支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的方便(bian);不(bu)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)采用現澆梁(liang)還是(shi)(shi)預制(zhi)梁(liang)法施工，不(bu)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)安裝何種(zhong)類型(xing)的板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座，在墩臺頂設置支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石(shi)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)必要的。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)幾點事項(xiang)：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)平面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)大(da)(da)小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)上部(bu)構造荷載為宜，一(yi)(yi)般長度與(yu)寬度應(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)大(da)(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度應(ying)(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)6cm，以保(bao)證梁(liang)底到墩臺(tai)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)空(kong)間高度，用來安放千斤頂(ding)(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)調換(huan)使用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋(jin)網片，豎向鋼筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺(tai)內(nei)鋼筋(jin)相連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)砼(tong)標(biao)號應(ying)(ying)不低于(yu)C30號或不低于(yu)設計標(biao)號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預先用水平尺(chi)校準，力求(qiu)平整而(er)不光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高力求(qiu)準確一(yi)(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)(yi)平面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以免發生偏(pian)壓，初始剪切與(yu)不均勻受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁安裝橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)方(fang)便。施(shi)工順序如下(xia)(xia)(xia)：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)墩臺(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)去(qu)除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)(mian)應清潔(jie)、平(ping)整(zheng)無油污。若墩臺(tai)墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)標高差距(ju)過(guo)大，可(ke)用水泥砂漿調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設計圖標出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)，同時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十(shi)字交叉中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)。將(jiang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)同墩臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心相(xiang)重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同一片梁的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)或四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)(chu)于同一平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便找平(ping)，可(ke)于澆(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)石(shi)間鋪涂(tu)一層水泥砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)(xia)自動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁體前，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設一塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)，鋼板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊錨(mao)固鋼筋與梁體相(xiang)連接。將(jiang)此(ci)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)視(shi)作現澆(jiao)梁模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)一部(bu)分(fen)進(jin)行澆(jiao)注(zhu)。為防止漏漿，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼板(ban)(ban)之間四(si)周空隙(xi)處(chu)(chu)，用紗回絲，油灰或軟木板(ban)(ban)填設。以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)填充物(wu)除去(qu)，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)施(shi)工可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)同梁底鋼 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密(mi)貼(tie)。

　　四、預制梁橡(xiang)膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝好預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底與墊(dian)石頂面(mian)(mian)的(de)平行(xing)、平整使其同橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)下面(mian)(mian)全部(bu)密貼，避免偏壓(ya)、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生(sheng)。施(shi)工順序(xu)如下：⑴、先按現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)接觸的(de)底平面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)保證水平與平整。若有蜂(feng)窩(wo)或(huo)(huo)傾斜度(du)應(ying)(ying)預(yu)(yu)先用水泥砂漿搗實、整平。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)正(zheng)確(que)就(jiu)位。先按現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石上(shang)按設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位置(zhi)就(jiu)位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)(zong)軸線應(ying)(ying)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)縱(zong)(zong)軸線應(ying)(ying)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)平行(xing)。為落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)十(shi)字位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面(mian)(mian)上(shang)標出(chu)兩個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線的(de)沿直線;落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時同墩(dun)臺上(shang)的(de)位置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線相(xiang)吻合。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)平穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓(ya)或(huo)(huo)產(chan)生(sheng)初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋(lei)寬，則在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)筋混凝土墊(dian)塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)板作過(guo)渡(du)，以(yi)免橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混凝土墊(dian)塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)板應(ying)(ying)同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環氧(yang)樹脂砂漿粘結(jie)。