在橋梁工程施工中，壤塘橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實壤塘橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保壤塘橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是壤塘橡膠支座應用成功(gong)與否(fou)的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分(fen)為(wei)普通板式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座和(he)四氟板式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座。板式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)座從形(xing)(xing)狀上分(fen)為(wei)矩形(xing)(xing)和(he)圓形(xing)(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑小于30m、位移量(liang)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平面(mian)形狀適用(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形支(zhi)座;曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及圓(yuan)柱(zhu)墩橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)座;斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(jiao)(平行四(si)(si)邊形)支(zhi)座(它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銳角(jiao)(jiao)與(yu)梁(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)角(jiao)(jiao)相(xiang)同(tong))，但這(zhe)種支(zhi)座正(zheng)在被(bei)圓(yuan)形支(zhi)座所代替。四(si)(si)氟(fu)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座多(duo)適用(yong)(yong)于大(da)跨(kua)徑、多(duo)跨(kua)連(lian)續(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板(ban)等結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)位移量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)。它(ta)還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)塊。矩形、圓(yuan)形四(si)(si)氟(fu)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別與(yu)普通板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座相(xiang)同(tong)。

　　二、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證(zheng)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)施工質量，以及安裝(zhuang)、調(diao)整、觀(guan)察及更換(huan)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)方(fang)便;不管是(shi)(shi)采用現澆梁還是(shi)(shi)預制梁法施工，不管是(shi)(shi)安裝(zhuang)何種類(lei)型的(de)板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)，在(zai)墩臺頂(ding)設置(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊石都是(shi)(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)注意幾點事項(xiang)：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)平面(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)能(neng)承(cheng)受(shou)上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)(du)與(yu)寬度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)高度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)梁(liang)底(di)到(dao)墩臺(tai)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠的(de)空間(jian)高度(du)(du)，用(yong)來安(an)放千斤頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)調換(huan)使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋網片(pian)，豎向(xiang)鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺(tai)內(nei)鋼(gang)筋相連(lian)接(jie)。澆注墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)砼(tong)標(biao)號(hao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)C30號(hao)或不(bu)低于(yu)設計標(biao)號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)預先用(yong)水平尺校(xiao)準，力求(qiu)平整而(er)不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高力求(qiu)準確一(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一(yi)平面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)(yi)免發(fa)生偏壓，初始剪(jian)切(qie)與(yu)不(bu)均勻受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)安裝橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施工順序(xu)如下：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)去(qu)(qu)除浮(fu)沙，表面(mian)應(ying)清潔、平(ping)整(zheng)無油(you)污。若墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)標高差距過大，可(ke)(ke)用水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)按(an)設(she)計圖標出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)。將(jiang)(jiang)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)中心(xin)(xin)線(xian)同(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)設(she)計位(wei)置中心(xin)(xin)相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確(que)。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)片梁(liang)的(de)兩個或(huo)四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處(chu)于同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便找平(ping)，可(ke)(ke)于澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)間鋪(pu)涂(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重力(li)下自(zi)動(dong)找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)砼梁(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)稍大的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊(han)錨固鋼(gang)筋(jin)與(yu)梁(liang)體相連接。將(jiang)(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分進行澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)。為防止漏(lou)漿，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)之間四周空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲，油(you)灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)填設(she)。以后(hou)在(zai)(zai)拆除模板(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)(jiang)填充物(wu)除去(qu)(qu)，按(an)以上(shang)(shang)施工可(ke)(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)、墊石(shi)(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)全(quan)部密(mi)貼。

　　四、預制梁橡(xiang)膠支座的安裝(zhuang)：

　　安裝好(hao)預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可能地(di)保(bao)證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)行、平(ping)(ping)整使(shi)其同(tong)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上下面(mian)(mian)全部密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)(ya)、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)(xian)按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理(li)好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)。⑵、預(yu)制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)應保(bao)證水平(ping)(ping)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若(ruo)有(you)蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜(xie)度應預(yu)先(xian)(xian)用(yong)水泥砂漿(jiang)搗實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就(jiu)位。先(xian)(xian)按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上按(an)設(she)計中(zhong)心位置就(jiu)位。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)應同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線(xian)相重合;板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)應與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線(xian)相平(ping)(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確(que)，在(zai)(zai)架 跨(kua)(kua)(kua)板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)，可在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位置中(zhong)心線(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端(duan)立面(mian)(mian)上標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)心線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)直(zhi)線(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)同(tong)墩臺上的(de)(de)(de)位置中(zhong)心線(xian)相吻(wen)合。以后數跨(kua)(kua)(kua)可依 跨(kua)(kua)(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)應平(ping)(ping)穩，防止(zhi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心受壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)(huo)產生(sheng)(sheng)初始剪切變形(xing)。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之(zhi)間加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)作(zuo)過(guo)渡，以免(mian)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應力(li)集中(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)應同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用(yong)環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)粘結(jie)。