在橋梁工程施工中，新平橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實新平橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保新平橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是新平橡膠支座應用(yong)成功與否(fou)的關鍵(jian)所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構上分為(wei)普通板式橡膠支座(zuo)和四(si)氟(fu)板式橡膠支座(zuo)。板式橡膠支座(zuo)從形狀上分為(wei)矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)跨徑(jing)小于(yu)30m、位(wei)移(yi)量較小的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同的(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)狀適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)不同的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)矩形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)及圓柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)圓形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜交(jiao)(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)斜角(jiao)(平(ping)行四邊形(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)斜交(jiao)(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同)，但這種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所(suo)代替。四氟板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)大跨徑(jing)、多跨連(lian)續(xu)、簡(jian)支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)連(lian)續(xu)板等結構的(de)(de)大位(wei)移(yi)量的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。它(ta)(ta)還可(ke)用(yong)作(zuo)連(lian)續(xu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)頂推及T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)、圓形(xing)四氟板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)分別與普通(tong)板式橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同。

　　二(er)、支承墊(dian)石的設置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)的(de)(de)施工質量，以及安裝(zhuang)、調整(zheng)、觀(guan)察及更換支座(zuo)的(de)(de)方(fang)便(bian);不管(guan)是采用現澆(jiao)梁(liang)還(huan)是預制梁(liang)法(fa)施工，不管(guan)是安裝(zhuang)何種類型的(de)(de)板式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)，在(zai)墩臺頂(ding)設置支承墊石都(dou)是必要(yao)的(de)(de)。

　　在(zai)施工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾(ji)點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受上部構造荷載為(wei)宜，一般長(chang)度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)6cm，以保(bao)證(zheng)梁底到(dao)墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)空間高度(du)，用來安放千(qian)斤頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座調換使(shi)用。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋網片，豎向鋼筋應(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)(nei)鋼筋相連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)砼(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)C30號或(huo)不(bu)低于(yu)設計標號，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先(xian)用水平(ping)(ping)尺校(xiao)準，力求(qiu)(qiu)平(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)標高力求(qiu)(qiu)準確一致。尤其是一片梁的(de)(de)兩(liang)個或(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于(yu)同一平(ping)(ping)面(mian)內(nei)(nei)，以免發(fa)生(sheng)偏壓，初始剪切與不(bu)均勻受力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)安裝(zhuang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施工順(shun)序如下(xia)：⑴、先將墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)去(qu)除浮沙，表面(mian)應(ying)清(qing)潔、平(ping)整(zheng)無油(you)污(wu)。若墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的標(biao)高差距過大(da)，可用水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿調整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)按(an)設(she)計圖(tu)標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中心線，同時在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)十字(zi)交叉中心線。將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放(fang)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的中心線同墩(dun)臺上(shang)設(she)計位置中心相重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位準(zhun)確。⑶、同一(yi)片梁(liang)的兩個或(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)上(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便找平(ping)，可于澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)前在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)自(zi)動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)砼梁(liang)體前，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)稍大(da)的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)上(shang)焊錨(mao)固(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋與(yu)梁(liang)體相連接。將此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)的一(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)。為(wei)防止漏漿，可在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)之間(jian)四(si)周(zhou)空隙處，用紗回絲，油(you)灰或(huo)軟木(mu)板(ban)填(tian)設(she)。以(yi)后在(zai)拆(chai)除模(mo)板(ban)時，再將填(tian)充物除去(qu)，按(an)以(yi)上(shang)施工可使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)面(mian)同梁(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)全部(bu)密貼(tie)。

　　四(si)、預制(zhi)梁(liang)橡膠支座的安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)于盡可(ke)能(neng)地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)墊(dian)石頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同(tong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面(mian)全部(bu)密貼，避免偏壓、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工順序如下(xia)：⑴、先(xian)按現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石。⑵、預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)面(mian)應(ying)保證水平(ping)與(yu)平(ping)整。若有蜂窩(wo)或傾斜(xie)度應(ying)預先(xian)用水泥砂漿搗實、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確就位(wei)(wei)。先(xian)按現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)按設(she)計中(zhong)心位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)就位(wei)(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線應(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線相(xiang)重合;板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線應(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心線相(xiang)平(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確，在(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)字位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心線，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端立(li)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心線的(de)(de)(de)沿直(zhi)線;落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心線相(xiang)吻合。以(yi)后數跨可(ke)依 跨梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏心受壓或產生初始剪切變(bian)形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之(zhi)間加設(she)比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略(lve)大的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊(kuai)或厚(hou)鋼(gang)(gang)板作過渡，以(yi)免橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)超(chao)載、應(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土墊(dian)塊(kuai)或鋼(gang)(gang)板應(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用環(huan)氧樹脂砂漿粘結。