在橋梁工程施工中，易門橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實易門橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保易門橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是易門橡膠支座應用(yong)成功與否的關鍵所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分(fen)為普通(tong)板式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)和四氟板式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)。板式橡(xiang)膠支座(zuo)從形(xing)狀上分(fen)為矩形(xing)和圓(yuan)形(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)跨(kua)徑小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)30m、位移(yi)量(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。不同的(de)(de)平(ping)面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)不同的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)及(ji)圓柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(平(ping)行四邊形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)(de)銳角與梁(liang)的(de)(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角相(xiang)同)，但(dan)這種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代(dai)替(ti)。四氟板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)大(da)跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連續(xu)、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)連續(xu)板(ban)(ban)等結構的(de)(de)大(da)位移(yi)量(liang)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。它還可用(yong)(yong)作連續(xu)梁(liang)頂推及(ji)T梁(liang)橫(heng)移(yi)的(de)(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)四氟板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普通板(ban)(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同。

　　二、支(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)的設置：

　　為了(le)保證橡膠支座(zuo)的(de)施工質量，以及(ji)(ji)安裝、調整、觀察及(ji)(ji)更換(huan)支座(zuo)的(de)方便;不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)采(cai)用現澆(jiao)梁還(huan)是(shi)預制(zhi)梁法施工，不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)安裝何種類型(xing)的(de)板式橡膠支座(zuo)，在墩(dun)臺頂設置支承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)意幾點事項：⑴、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的平面尺寸大(da)小應(ying)(ying)能承受上部構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長(chang)度(du)與寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)比橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)大(da)10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)大(da)于6cm，以(yi)保證梁底(di)到墩臺頂(ding)面有(you)足夠的空間高度(du)，用(yong)來安放(fang)千斤頂(ding)，供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)調換使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋(jin)網片，豎向鋼(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)與墩臺內(nei)(nei)鋼(gang)筋(jin)相連接。澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的砼(tong)標(biao)號(hao)(hao)應(ying)(ying)不低于C30號(hao)(hao)或不低于設計標(biao)號(hao)(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用(yong)水平尺校準(zhun)，力求平整而(er)不光滑(hua)。⑶支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面標(biao)高力求準(zhun)確一(yi)致。尤其是(shi)一(yi)片梁的兩個或四個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)面應(ying)(ying)處于同一(yi)平面內(nei)(nei)，以(yi)免(mian)發生偏壓，初始剪切與不均勻(yun)受力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)安(an)裝橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施(shi)工(gong)順序如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)去除(chu)(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)應清潔(jie)、平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)無油污。若墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)高(gao)差(cha)距過大(da)，可(ke)用水泥砂漿調(diao)整(zheng)。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖標(biao)出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)，同(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)。將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)相(xiang)重(zhong)合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)于同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方便找平(ping)(ping)，可(ke)于澆(jiao)注前在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)間鋪涂(tu)一(yi)層(ceng)水泥砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)自動(dong)找平(ping)(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)前，在(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)需加(jia)設一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)稍大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)筋(jin)與梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)相(xiang)連接。將此(ci)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)視作(zuo)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)模(mo)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分進行澆(jiao)注。為(wei)防止漏(lou)漿，可(ke)在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)之間四周(zhou)空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)填(tian)設。以后在(zai)拆除(chu)(chu)模(mo)板(ban)時，再(zai)將填(tian)充物(wu)除(chu)(chu)去，按以上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂面(mian)全(quan)部(bu)密貼。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝(zhuang)好(hao)(hao)預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在(zai)于盡可能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底與(yu)(yu)墊石頂面的(de)(de)(de)平行、平整使其同(tong)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)下面全部(bu)密貼(tie)，避免偏(pian)壓、脫空、不均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工順序如(ru)下：⑴、先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理(li)好(hao)(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)承墊石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)底平面應(ying)(ying)保證水平與(yu)(yu)平整。若(ruo)有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)(huo)傾斜度應(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用水泥砂(sha)漿搗(dao)實、整平。⑶橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就(jiu)位(wei)。先(xian)按現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)墩臺墊石上(shang)按設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)就(jiu)位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)重合(he);板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)平行。為落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)架 跨(kua)(kua)板梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底劃好(hao)(hao)兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端立面上(shang)標出兩(liang)個支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直(zhi)線(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時同(tong)墩臺上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)相(xiang)吻(wen)合(he)。以后數(shu)跨(kua)(kua)可依 跨(kua)(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準(zhun)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)平穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)偏(pian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)受壓或(huo)(huo)(huo)產生初始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)時，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底之間(jian)加設(she)比支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)略(lve)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝(ning)(ning)土墊塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)(huo)厚(hou)鋼板作(zuo)過渡(du)，以免橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)局部(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)力(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)。該(gai)鋼筋混凝(ning)(ning)土墊塊(kuai)或(huo)(huo)(huo)鋼板應(ying)(ying)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底用環氧樹(shu)脂(zhi)砂(sha)漿粘結(jie)。