在橋梁工程施工中，梓潼橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實梓潼橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保梓潼橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是梓潼橡膠支座應用(yong)成功與否的關鍵所在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結(jie)構上分為普(pu)通板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)和四氟板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)。板(ban)式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)從形(xing)(xing)狀上分為矩形(xing)(xing)和圓形(xing)(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)徑(jing)小于30m、位移(yi)(yi)量(liang)(liang)較小的橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)的平面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于不同(tong)的橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);曲線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)圓(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可用(yong)(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(平行四邊形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(它的銳(rui)角與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的斜(xie)交(jiao)角相同(tong))，但這(zhe)種支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)正(zheng)在被圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于大跨(kua)徑(jing)、多跨(kua)連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板(ban)等結構的大位移(yi)(yi)量(liang)(liang)的橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。它還(huan)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)(liang)頂推(tui)及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)(yi)的滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)四氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與普通板(ban)式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)相同(tong)。

　　二(er)、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座的施工質量(liang)，以及安裝、調整(zheng)、觀(guan)察及更換(huan)支座的方便;不管是采用現澆梁還是預制(zhi)梁法施工，不管是安裝何(he)種類型的板式橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支座，在墩臺頂設置支承(cheng)墊石(shi)都(dou)是必(bi)要的。

　　在(zai)施工(gong)支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石應(ying)(ying)(ying)注意幾點事項：⑴、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石的(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺寸大小應(ying)(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)上部(bu)構造荷載(zai)為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)(du)與(yu)寬(kuan)度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)比(bi)橡(xiang)膠支座大10cm左右(you)。墊(dian)(dian)石高度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)大于(yu)(yu)6cm，以(yi)保證梁(liang)底到墩臺(tai)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠的(de)空(kong)間(jian)高度(du)(du)，用(yong)來安(an)放千斤頂(ding)，供(gong)支座調換使(shi)用(yong)。⑵、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石內應(ying)(ying)(ying)布設(she)鋼(gang)筋網片(pian)，豎向鋼(gang)筋應(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺(tai)內鋼(gang)筋相連(lian)接。澆(jiao)注墊(dian)(dian)石的(de)砼(tong)(tong)標號應(ying)(ying)(ying)不低(di)于(yu)(yu)C30號或不低(di)于(yu)(yu)設(she)計(ji)標號，墊(dian)(dian)石砼(tong)(tong)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用(yong)水平(ping)尺校準(zhun)，力求平(ping)整而不光滑。⑶支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標高力求準(zhun)確一(yi)致(zhi)。尤其是一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個(ge)或四(si)個(ge)支座的(de)支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)處于(yu)(yu)同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)內，以(yi)免(mian)發生偏壓，初始(shi)剪切與(yu)不均勻受(shou)力現(xian)象(xiang)。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安裝橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施工順序(xu)如(ru)下(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)墩(dun)臺墊石(shi)頂面(mian)去(qu)除浮沙，表(biao)面(mian)應清潔、平整無(wu)油污。若(ruo)墩(dun)臺墊石(shi)的(de)(de)標(biao)高差(cha)距過大，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石(shi)上(shang)按設(she)計圖標(biao)出支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)十字(zi)交叉中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊石(shi)上(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)同(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)設(she)計位置中(zhong)(zhong)心相重合(he)，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)或(huo)四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)平面(mian)上(shang)，為 方便找平，可(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與墊石(shi)間鋪涂一(yi)層(ceng)水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重力下(xia)自動找平。⑷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)體(ti)前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)需(xu)加設(she)一(yi)塊(kuai)比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平面(mian)稍大的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)焊(han)錨(mao)固鋼(gang)筋與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)體(ti)相連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)視作現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)一(yi)部分進(jin)行澆(jiao)注。為防(fang)止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間四(si)周(zhou)空隙(xi)處，用(yong)(yong)紗回絲，油灰或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)填(tian)設(she)。以后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拆(chai)除模板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)時(shi)，再將(jiang)填(tian)充物除去(qu)，按以上(shang)施工可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)面(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墊石(shi)頂面(mian)全部密貼(tie)。

　　四、預制梁橡膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝好預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，在(zai)(zai)于盡可(ke)能地保證梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)墊(dian)石頂(ding)面(mian)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)(ping)整使其(qi)同(tong)(tong)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)全部密貼(tie)，避免偏(pian)壓(ya)、脫空、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)發(fa)生。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)(xian)按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)底(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)保證水(shui)平(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)整。若有蜂(feng)窩(wo)或傾斜度應(ying)預先(xian)(xian)用(yong)水(shui)泥砂漿(jiang)搗(dao)實、整平(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)正確(que)就(jiu)位。先(xian)(xian)按(an)現(xian)澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩臺(tai)(tai)墊(dian)石上(shang)(shang)按(an)設計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)心位置就(jiu)位。T型(xing)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)合(he);板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)(zai)架(jia) 跨(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)或箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)十字(zi)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)端(duan)立面(mian)上(shang)(shang)標出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)同(tong)(tong)墩臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)位置中(zhong)(zhong)心線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)吻合(he)。以(yi)后數跨(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)應(ying)平(ping)(ping)穩，防(fang)止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心受(shou)壓(ya)或產生初始剪切(qie)變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬，則在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)之間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)塊或厚鋼(gang)板(ban)作過(guo)渡(du)，以(yi)免橡膠(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載(zai)、應(ying)力(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土(tu)墊(dian)塊或鋼(gang)板(ban)應(ying)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)(di)用(yong)環氧樹脂(zhi)砂漿(jiang)粘(zhan)結。