在橋梁工程施工中，江川橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實江川橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保江川橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是江川橡膠支座應用成功與否的關(guan)鍵所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結構上分為(wei)普通板式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座和(he)四氟板式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座。板式(shi)(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)座從(cong)形狀上分為(wei)矩形和(he)圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)跨(kua)徑小于(yu)(yu)(yu)30m、位移量較小的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。不(bu)同的(de)平面形(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)同的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)結構：正交(jiao)橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)矩(ju)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo);曲(qu)線(xian)橋(qiao)、斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)及圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱墩橋(qiao)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo);斜(xie)交(jiao)橋(qiao)亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)角(jiao)(平行四邊(bian)形(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(它的(de)銳角(jiao)與梁(liang)的(de)斜(xie)交(jiao)角(jiao)相(xiang)同)，但這種(zhong)支(zhi)座(zuo)正在被圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)所代替。四氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大跨(kua)徑、多跨(kua)連續(xu)、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)連續(xu)板(ban)等結構的(de)大位移量的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)。它還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作連續(xu)梁(liang)頂(ding)推及T梁(liang)橫移的(de)滑塊。矩(ju)形(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)四氟板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別與普(pu)通板(ban)式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)相(xiang)同。

　　二、支承墊(dian)石的設(she)置：

　　為了保證橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的施工(gong)(gong)質量，以及(ji)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)、調(diao)整、觀察及(ji)更換支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的方便;不(bu)管(guan)是采用(yong)現澆梁還是預制梁法施工(gong)(gong)，不(bu)管(guan)是安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)何種類型的板式橡(xiang)膠支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)，在(zai)墩臺頂設置支(zhi)承墊石都(dou)是必(bi)要的。

　　在施(shi)工支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾(ji)點事項(xiang)：⑴、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)大小應(ying)(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)上部(bu)構造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度(du)與(yu)(yu)寬度(du)應(ying)(ying)比橡膠(jiao)支座(zuo)大10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)高度(du)應(ying)(ying)大于6cm，以(yi)保(bao)證梁(liang)底(di)到墩臺頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠(gou)的(de)空間高度(du)，用來安(an)放(fang)千斤頂(ding)，供支座(zuo)調換使用。⑵、支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)內(nei)應(ying)(ying)布設鋼(gang)筋(jin)網(wang)片(pian)，豎向鋼(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)墩臺內(nei)鋼(gang)筋(jin)相連接。澆(jiao)注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)的(de)砼(tong)標(biao)號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于C30號或不(bu)低(di)于設計標(biao)號，墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)砼(tong)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用水平(ping)(ping)(ping)尺(chi)校準，力求平(ping)(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光(guang)滑。⑶支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高力求準確一(yi)致(zhi)。尤其是一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個(ge)或四個(ge)支座(zuo)的(de)支承(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)內(nei)，以(yi)免發生偏壓，初(chu)始(shi)剪切與(yu)(yu)不(bu)均勻受(shou)力現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆梁(liang)(liang)安裝(zhuang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方便。施(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序(xu)如下：⑴、先將(jiang)(jiang)墩臺墊石頂面(mian)去除(chu)浮沙，表面(mian)應清(qing)潔、平(ping)整無油污。若(ruo)墩臺墊石的(de)(de)標高(gao)差距(ju)過大，可(ke)用水(shui)泥砂漿調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊石上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按設(she)計(ji)圖標出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置(zhi)中心線(xian)，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中心線(xian)。將(jiang)(jiang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊石上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)中心線(xian)同(tong)墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計(ji)位(wei)置(zhi)中心相重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就位(wei)準確。⑶、同(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或四(si)個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處(chu)于同(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方便找(zhao)平(ping)，可(ke)于澆注(zhu)前(qian)在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)墊石間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水(shui)泥砂漿，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重力(li)下自動找(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆注(zhu)砼梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)塊比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)稍(shao)大的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板，鋼(gang)(gang)板上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)(gang)筋與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)相連(lian)接。將(jiang)(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板視作(zuo)現澆梁(liang)(liang)模板的(de)(de)一(yi)部分進行澆注(zhu)。為(wei)防止漏(lou)漿，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)板之間(jian)四(si)周空隙處(chu)，用紗回絲，油灰或軟木板填設(she)。以(yi)后(hou)在(zai)(zai)拆除(chu)模板時(shi)，再將(jiang)(jiang)填充物除(chu)去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)使支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下面(mian)同(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底鋼(gang)(gang) 板、墊石頂面(mian)全部密貼。

　　四(si)、預制梁(liang)橡膠(jiao)支座的安裝：

　　安裝好(hao)預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)關鍵，在(zai)(zai)(zai)于盡(jin)可能地保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)與(yu)(yu)墊石頂面(mian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)使(shi)其同(tong)(tong)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下面(mian)全部(bu)(bu)密貼，避免(mian)偏壓、脫空、不(bu)均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)發生。施(shi)工順序(xu)如(ru)下：⑴、先(xian)按現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)⑴處(chu)理好(hao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊石。⑵、預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)底(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)應(ying)(ying)保證(zheng)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)。若(ruo)有蜂窩或傾斜(xie)度應(ying)(ying)預先(xian)用水泥(ni)砂(sha)漿(jiang)搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)。⑶橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)正(zheng)確(que)就位。先(xian)按現澆(jiao)梁(liang)(liang)將橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)墩臺墊石上(shang)按設計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)位置就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)重合;板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行(xing)。為(wei)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)架 跨(kua)板(ban)梁(liang)(liang)或箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好(hao)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)十字(zi)位置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)端(duan)立面(mian)上(shang)標(biao)出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)的(de)沿(yan)直線(xian)(xian);落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)時同(tong)(tong)墩臺上(shang)的(de)位置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)吻合。以后數跨(kua)可依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)為(wei)基準落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)落(luo)梁(liang)(liang)時應(ying)(ying)平(ping)(ping)(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)偏心(xin)(xin)受壓或產生初(chu)始剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)時，若(ruo)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)肋寬，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)之(zhi)間加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊塊或厚鋼(gang)板(ban)作過渡，以免(mian)橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)局部(bu)(bu)超載、應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土墊塊或鋼(gang)板(ban)應(ying)(ying)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底(di)用環氧樹脂砂(sha)漿(jiang)粘結。