在橋梁工程施工中，廉江橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實廉江橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保廉江橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是廉江橡膠支座應(ying)用成功與(yu)否的關鍵所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從結構(gou)上分為(wei)普通板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)和四氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)。板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)從形(xing)(xing)狀上分為(wei)矩形(xing)(xing)和圓形(xing)(xing)。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多(duo)適(shi)(shi)用于(yu)跨徑小于(yu)30m、位(wei)移量較小的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。不同的(de)平面形(xing)狀(zhuang)適(shi)(shi)用于(yu)不同的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)結(jie)構：正(zheng)交橋(qiao)(qiao)用矩形(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo);曲(qu)線橋(qiao)(qiao)、斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)墩橋(qiao)(qiao)用圓(yuan)形(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)交橋(qiao)(qiao)亦可用斜(xie)角(平行四(si)邊(bian)形(xing))支座(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)銳角與(yu)(yu)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)斜(xie)交角相同)，但這(zhe)種(zhong)支座(zuo)(zuo)正(zheng)在(zai)被圓(yuan)形(xing)支座(zuo)(zuo)所(suo)代(dai)替。四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)(zuo)多(duo)適(shi)(shi)用于(yu)大(da)跨徑、多(duo)跨連續、簡支梁(liang)(liang)連續板(ban)等結(jie)構的(de)大(da)位(wei)移量的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。它還可用作(zuo)連續梁(liang)(liang)頂推及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)橫移的(de)滑塊(kuai)。矩形(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)四(si)氟板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)應用分別與(yu)(yu)普通(tong)板(ban)式橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)支座(zuo)(zuo)相同。

　　二、支承墊石的設(she)置：

　　為了保證(zheng)橡膠支(zhi)座的(de)施工質量，以及(ji)安(an)裝、調整、觀察及(ji)更換支(zhi)座的(de)方(fang)便;不(bu)管(guan)是采用現澆梁還(huan)是預制(zhi)梁法(fa)施工，不(bu)管(guan)是安(an)裝何種類型的(de)板式橡膠支(zhi)座，在(zai)墩臺頂設置(zhi)支(zhi)承墊石(shi)都是必(bi)要的(de)。

　　在施(shi)工(gong)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)應(ying)注意(yi)幾點事(shi)項：⑴、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺寸大(da)(da)小應(ying)能承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上(shang)部構(gou)造荷載為宜，一(yi)般長度與(yu)寬(kuan)度應(ying)比橡膠支(zhi)座大(da)(da)10cm左(zuo)右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)高(gao)度應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)6cm，以保證梁(liang)底(di)到墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)有足夠的(de)空(kong)間高(gao)度，用(yong)來安放(fang)千斤(jin)頂(ding)(ding)，供支(zhi)座調(diao)換(huan)使用(yong)。⑵、支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)內應(ying)布設(she)(she)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網片(pian)，豎向(xiang)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)與(yu)墩臺內鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)相(xiang)連接(jie)。澆(jiao)注墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的(de)砼標號(hao)應(ying)不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)C30號(hao)或不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)設(she)(she)計標號(hao)，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)應(ying)預先用(yong)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)尺校準(zhun)，力(li)求(qiu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)整而不(bu)光滑。⑶支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)標高(gao)力(li)求(qiu)準(zhun)確(que)一(yi)致。尤其(qi)是(shi)一(yi)片(pian)梁(liang)的(de)兩個或四個支(zhi)座的(de)支(zhi)承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)應(ying)處于(yu)(yu)同一(yi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)內，以免發生偏壓，初始剪切與(yu)不(bu)均勻(yun)受(shou)力(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)安裝橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)方(fang)便(bian)。施工順序如下：⑴、先(xian)將(jiang)墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)去除浮沙，表面(mian)(mian)應(ying)清潔、平(ping)整無油污。若墩(dun)臺(tai)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)的標(biao)高差距過大，可用(yong)水泥砂(sha)(sha)漿調整。⑵、在(zai)支(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)按設(she)計圖標(biao)出支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)位置中心線(xian)，同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)也標(biao)上(shang)(shang)十字交叉(cha)中心線(xian)。將(jiang)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)安放在(zai)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)，使支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的中心線(xian)同(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)設(she)計位置中心相(xiang)重(zhong)合(he)，支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)就位準(zhun)確。⑶、同(tong)(tong)一(yi)片梁(liang)的兩(liang)個或(huo)(huo)四(si)個支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)處(chu)于同(tong)(tong)一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，為(wei) 方(fang)便(bian)找(zhao)平(ping)，可于澆(jiao)(jiao)注前在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)間(jian)鋪涂一(yi)層水泥砂(sha)(sha)漿，讓支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)重(zhong)力下自動找(zhao)平(ping)。⑷在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體(ti)前，在(zai)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)需加設(she)一(yi)塊比支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)稍大的支(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)，鋼(gang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)焊錨固鋼(gang)筋(jin)與(yu)梁(liang)體(ti)相(xiang)連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)視作現澆(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)模(mo)板(ban)的一(yi)部分進行澆(jiao)(jiao)注。為(wei)防止(zhi)漏漿，可在(zai)支(zhi)承鋼(gang)板(ban)之間(jian)四(si)周空(kong)隙處(chu)，用(yong)紗回(hui)絲，油灰或(huo)(huo)軟木(mu)板(ban)填設(she)。以(yi)后(hou)在(zai)拆除模(mo)板(ban)時，再將(jiang)填充物(wu)除去，按以(yi)上(shang)(shang)施工可使支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面(mian)(mian)同(tong)(tong)梁(liang)底鋼(gang) 板(ban)、墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)頂面(mian)(mian)全部密(mi)貼。

　　四(si)、預制梁(liang)橡膠支座的安(an)裝(zhuang)：

　　安裝好預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵，在(zai)于盡可(ke)能地(di)保證(zheng)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)與墊(dian)石頂面的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行、平(ping)整(zheng)使(shi)其同橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)上(shang)下面全(quan)部密貼，避免(mian)偏壓(ya)、脫空、不均(jun)勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。施工順序如下：⑴、先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)石。⑵、預制(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)平(ping)面應保證(zheng)水平(ping)與平(ping)整(zheng)。若有蜂窩或(huo)(huo)傾斜度應預先用(yong)水泥砂漿(jiang)搗實、整(zheng)平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正確(que)就位(wei)。先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)在(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)石上(shang)按(an)設計中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位(wei)置就位(wei)。T型梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應同支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)重合;板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縱(zong)軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)行。為落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)，在(zai)架 跨(kua)板(ban)(ban)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或(huo)(huo)箱梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)劃好兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十字位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)端(duan)立面上(shang)標出(chu)兩個支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沿直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同墩(dun)臺上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)吻合。以(yi)后數跨(kua)可(ke)依 跨(kua)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為基準落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)偏心(xin)受壓(ya)或(huo)(huo)產(chan)生(sheng)初始(shi)剪切變形。⑸、在(zai)安放T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)比梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)肋寬(kuan)，則在(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)與梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)之(zhi)間(jian)加設比支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)略(lve)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)厚鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)作過渡，以(yi)免(mian)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)局部超載、應力集中(zhong)(zhong)。該鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)(tu)墊(dian)塊或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)應同梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底(di)用(yong)環氧樹脂砂漿(jiang)粘(zhan)結。