在橋梁工程施工中，元江橡膠支座施工與安裝往往被施工單位認為施工比較簡單而不予以重視，給橋梁的使用帶來了隱患。其實元江橡膠支座處于橋梁上下部構造連接點的重要位置，是將上部的車輛荷載和結構荷載傳遞到下部構造的中間紐帶，它的可靠程度直接影響橋梁結構的安全度與耐久性。因此，除確保元江橡膠支座質量符合技術標準外，正確的施工與安裝是元江橡膠支座應用成功與否的(de)關鍵所(suo)在。

　　一、板式橡膠支座的結構型式：

　　板式橡膠支座從(cong)結(jie)構上分為普通(tong)板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座和四氟(fu)板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座。板式(shi)橡膠(jiao)支座從(cong)形狀上分為矩形和圓形。

　　普通板式橡膠支座多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)跨徑小于(yu)30m、位移(yi)(yi)量較小的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)平(ping)面形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)結構：正(zheng)交(jiao)橋用(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);曲(qu)線橋、斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋及(ji)圓柱墩橋用(yong)(yong)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo);斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)橋亦可用(yong)(yong)斜(xie)(xie)角(平(ping)行四邊形(xing)(xing)(xing))支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(它的(de)銳(rui)角與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)斜(xie)(xie)交(jiao)角相同(tong)(tong))，但這(zhe)種支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)正(zheng)在被(bei)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)所代替。四氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)多適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)大跨徑、多跨連(lian)續、簡支(zhi)梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)續板(ban)等(deng)結構的(de)大位移(yi)(yi)量的(de)橋梁(liang)(liang)。它還可用(yong)(yong)作連(lian)續梁(liang)(liang)頂推及(ji)T梁(liang)(liang)橫移(yi)(yi)的(de)滑塊。矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)四氟板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)分別(bie)與(yu)普通板(ban)式橡膠(jiao)支(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)相同(tong)(tong)。

　　二(er)、支承墊石的設置：

　　為了保證橡膠支座的(de)施工(gong)質量，以及安裝、調整、觀察及更(geng)換支座的(de)方便(bian);不管是(shi)采用現(xian)澆梁還是(shi)預制梁法施工(gong)，不管是(shi)安裝何種類型的(de)板(ban)式橡膠支座，在墩臺(tai)頂設(she)置支承墊石都是(shi)必要的(de)。

　　在施工支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意幾點事項：⑴、支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的平(ping)面(mian)(mian)尺(chi)寸大(da)小(xiao)應(ying)(ying)能(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)上(shang)部構(gou)造荷載為(wei)宜，一(yi)般(ban)長(chang)度與(yu)寬度應(ying)(ying)比橡膠支座大(da)10cm左右。墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)高(gao)度應(ying)(ying)大(da)于6cm，以(yi)保證梁(liang)底到墩臺頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)有足夠的空(kong)間高(gao)度，用(yong)來安放千斤頂(ding)(ding)，供(gong)支座調換使(shi)用(yong)。⑵、支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)內應(ying)(ying)布設鋼筋(jin)(jin)網片，豎向鋼筋(jin)(jin)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)墩臺內鋼筋(jin)(jin)相連接。澆注(zhu)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)的砼標(biao)號應(ying)(ying)不(bu)低(di)于C30號或(huo)不(bu)低(di)于設計標(biao)號，墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)砼頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)預先用(yong)水(shui)平(ping)尺(chi)校準，力(li)(li)求平(ping)整(zheng)而不(bu)光(guang)滑(hua)。⑶支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)標(biao)高(gao)力(li)(li)求準確(que)一(yi)致。尤其是一(yi)片梁(liang)的兩(liang)個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支座的支承(cheng)(cheng)墊(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)處于同一(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)內，以(yi)免發(fa)生偏壓，初始剪(jian)切與(yu)不(bu)均勻受(shou)力(li)(li)現象。

　　三、普通板式橡膠支座的安裝：

　　現澆(jiao)梁(liang)安(an)裝(zhuang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較方(fang)便。施工順序如下(xia)(xia)：⑴、先將(jiang)墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)頂面去除浮沙，表面應清潔、平(ping)整無油污。若墩臺墊(dian)石(shi)的(de)(de)標高差(cha)距過大，可(ke)用(yong)水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)調整。⑵、在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按設計圖(tu)標出(chu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線，同時在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也標上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)十字交叉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線。將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)安(an)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墊(dian)石(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心線同墩臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設計位(wei)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心相(xiang)(xiang)重合，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)就(jiu)位(wei)準確。⑶、同一片梁(liang)的(de)(de)兩個(ge)或(huo)四個(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)應處于(yu)同一平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，為 方(fang)便找平(ping)，可(ke)于(yu)澆(jiao)注前(qian)在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)墊(dian)石(shi)間鋪涂一層水泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)，讓支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)重力下(xia)(xia)自動找平(ping)。⑷在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)注砼梁(liang)體前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需加設一塊比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平(ping)面稍大的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)，鋼板(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)焊錨(mao)固鋼筋與(yu)梁(liang)體相(xiang)(xiang)連接。將(jiang)此支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)視作(zuo)現澆(jiao)梁(liang)模板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)一部分(fen)進行澆(jiao)注。為防止漏漿(jiang)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)鋼板(ban)(ban)之間四周空隙處，用(yong)紗回(hui)絲(si)，油灰(hui)或(huo)軟木板(ban)(ban)填設。以后在(zai)(zai)拆除模板(ban)(ban)時，再將(jiang)填充物除去，按以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)施工可(ke)使(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)面同梁(liang)底鋼 板(ban)(ban)、墊(dian)石(shi)頂面全部密貼。

　　四、預制(zhi)梁(liang)橡(xiang)膠支座的(de)安裝：

　　安裝好預制梁(liang)(liang)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，在(zai)(zai)于盡可能地(di)保證梁(liang)(liang)底與(yu)墊(dian)(dian)石頂面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)行(xing)、平(ping)整使其同(tong)(tong)(tong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)下面全部密(mi)貼，避免偏(pian)壓(ya)、脫空(kong)、不均勻支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承的(de)(de)(de)發生。施工(gong)順序如下：⑴、先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)⑴處理好支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)承墊(dian)(dian)石。⑵、預制梁(liang)(liang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)接觸的(de)(de)(de)底平(ping)面應(ying)保證水平(ping)與(yu)平(ping)整。若有蜂窩(wo)或(huo)傾斜度應(ying)預先用水泥砂漿搗實、整平(ping)。⑶橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)正確就位。先按(an)現澆梁(liang)(liang)將橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)墩(dun)臺墊(dian)(dian)石上(shang)(shang)按(an)設計中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)位置就位。T型梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相重合;板梁(liang)(liang)與(yu)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)縱軸線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相平(ping)行(xing)。為落梁(liang)(liang)準(zhun)確，在(zai)(zai)架 跨板梁(liang)(liang)或(huo)箱(xiang)梁(liang)(liang)時，可在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)底劃(hua)好兩個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)十字位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)梁(liang)(liang)端立(li)面上(shang)(shang)標出兩個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian);落梁(liang)(liang)時同(tong)(tong)(tong)墩(dun)臺上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)位置中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相吻合。以(yi)后數跨可依 跨梁(liang)(liang)為基準(zhun)落梁(liang)(liang)。⑷、梁(liang)(liang)落梁(liang)(liang)時應(ying)平(ping)穩，防止支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)偏(pian)心(xin)(xin)(xin)受(shou)壓(ya)或(huo)產生初始剪切變形(xing)。⑸、在(zai)(zai)安放(fang)T梁(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，若支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)比(bi)梁(liang)(liang)肋寬，則(ze)在(zai)(zai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)梁(liang)(liang)底之間(jian)加設比(bi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)略大的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)厚(hou)鋼板作過渡，以(yi)免橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)局部超載、應(ying)力集中(zhong)。該鋼筋混凝(ning)土墊(dian)(dian)塊或(huo)鋼板應(ying)同(tong)(tong)(tong)梁(liang)(liang)底用環氧樹(shu)脂砂漿粘結。